OBJECTIVETo investigate a method of designing an accurate and scientific shade guide, especially used for judging the effect of tooth whitening, by analyzing the colorimetric values of discolored teeth statistically.

METHODSOne hundred thirty-six pictures of patients who had been receiving the Beyond cold light whitening treatment from February 2009 to July 2014 were analyzed, including 25 tetracycline teeth, 61 mottled-enamel teeth, and 50 yellow teeth. The colorimetric values of discolored teeth were measured. The L* values of shade tabs were calculated by hierarchical clustering of those of discolored teeth. The a* and b* values of shade tabs were the mean of those observed for discolored teeth. Accordingly, different shade guides were designed for each type of discolored teeth, and the effects were evaluated.

RESULTSA statistically significant difference in colorimetric values was found among the three types of discolored teeth. Compared with the Vitapan Classical shade guide, the shade guides designed through the present method were more scientific and accurate in judging the effect of tooth whitening. Moreover, the arrangement of shade tabs was more logical, and the color difference between shade tabs and discolored teeth was smaller.

CONCLUSIONThe proposed designing method is theoretically feasible, although its clinical effect has yet to be proven.

Color ; Colorimetry ; Dental Enamel ; Fluorosis, Dental ; Humans ; Incisor ; Light ; Prosthesis Coloring ; Research ; Tooth Bleaching ; methods ; standards ; Tooth Discoloration

OBJECTIVETo establish methods for quantitative determination of ginseng saponins, ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1 and polysaccarides and compare the qualities of Tongrentang Red Ginseng and Korean Red Ginseng.

METHODMacroreticular resin-colorimetric method was developed to determine ginseng saponins and a new HPLC method with gradient eluents was established for determination of ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1. For ginseng polysaccharides, phenol-oil of vitriol colorimetric method was developed and some factors were also optimized.

RESULTThe content of ginseng saponins in Tongrentang Red Ginseng was not lower than that of Korean Red Ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 in Tongrentang Red Ginseng were higher than those in Korean Red Ginseng, while Ginsenoside Re was slightly lower than that of Korean Red Ginseng. However, the amount of Ginseng Polysaccharides in Tongrentang Red Ginseng was greater than those in Korean Red Ginseng.

CONCLUSIONThe contents of ginseng saponins and ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1 in Tongrentang Red Ginseng were not lower than that in Korean Red Ginseng. The methods for determination of ginsenosides and ginseng polysaccharides were quite accurate and reliable to the quality control of Ginseng.

China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Colorimetry ; methods ; Ginsenosides ; analysis ; standards ; Korea ; Panax ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Polysaccharides ; analysis ; standards ; Quality Control ; Reproducibility of Results ; Rhizome ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo compare the coverage errors (CE) of five different shade guides in anterio vital natural teeth of selected people.

METHODSAnterior vital natural teeth were measured with Crystaleye spectrophotometer, color coordinates of the teeth and five shade guides A (VITA Classical), B (VITA 3D-Master), C (Chromascop), D (Shofu Vintage Halo NCC) and E (Noritake)were analyzed with the supporting software. The CE of the five shade guide systems to natural teeth were evaluated in cervical, body and incisal regions, and difference in CE among shade guides was determined.

RESULTSIn the cervical region, shade guide A had the maximal CE value (3.09 ± 0.97) and shade guide D had the minimal CE value (1.62 ± 0.75).In the body region, CE of shade guide B (1.65 ± 0.64) and shade guide D (1.52 ± 0.74) were lower than those of shade guides A (2.04 ± 0.80), C (2.04 ± 0.90) and E (2.02 ± 0.84) (P < 0.05).In the incisal part, all CE were below 2.00, and again shade guide A had the maximal CE value (1.81 ± 0.86) and shade guide D had the minimal CE value (1.28 ± 0.55).

CONCLUSIONSWithin the limitation of the study, shade guide D had better color coverage of natural teeth in cervical, body and incisal regions.

Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Color ; standards ; Colorimetry ; instrumentation ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Incisor ; anatomy & histology ; Male ; Mandible ; Maxilla ; Prosthesis Coloring ; Spectrophotometry ; instrumentation ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: To evaluate optic disc pallor using ImageJ in traumatic optic neuropathy (TON). METHODS: This study examined unilateral TON patients. The optic disc was divided into 4 quadrants (temporal, superior, nasal, and inferior), consistent with the quadrants on optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness maps. Optic disc photography was performed and disc pallor was quantified using gray scale photographic images imported into ImageJ software. The correlation between optic disc pallor and RNFL thickness was examined in each quadrant. RESULTS: A total of 35 patients (31 male, 4 female) were enrolled in the study. The mean participant age was 34.8 +/- 15.0 years (range, 5 to 63 years). Overall RNFL thickness decreased in 6 patients, with thinning most often occurring in the inferior quadrant (28 of 35 eyes). There was a significant correlation between optic disc pallor and RNFL thickness (superior, rho = -0.358, p = 0.04; inferior, rho = -0.345, p = 0.04; nasal, rho = -0.417, p = 0.01; temporal, rho = -0.390, p = 0.02). The highest level of correspondence between disc pallor and RNFL thickness values outside of the normative 95th percentiles was 39.3% and occurred in the inferior quadrant. CONCLUSIONS: Optic disc pallor in TON was quantified with ImageJ and was significantly correlated with RNFL thickness abnormalities. Thus, ImageJ evaluations of disc pallor may be useful for evaluating RNFL thinning, as verified by OCT RNFL analyses.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Colorimetry/methods/standards ; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/*methods/standards ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Optic Atrophy/etiology/*pathology ; Optic Nerve Diseases/etiology/*pathology ; Optic Nerve Injuries/*pathology ; Photography/*methods/standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; Software ; Tomography, Optical Coherence/*methods/standards ; Trauma Severity Indices ; Young Adult