Since the cancer has been the leading cause of deaths in Korea, estimation of the cancer deaths for the upcoming years in the population using the vital statistics is considered to be necessary. The aim of this study was to estimate the number and trends of cancer deaths in Korea. The expected numbers of cancer deaths were calculated by a time series model fitting the actual numbers of cancer deaths for each of the years 1983 through 2000 reported by Korea National Statistical Office. The options selected for the time series model included a quadratic time trend, which incorporated long-term information into the model and an autoregressive component which incorporated information about short-term fluctuations. The forecasting numbers of cancer deaths and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated for both genders and primary sites. The forecasting number of deaths from all cancers is increasing so that the cumulative number of expected cancer deaths between 2001 and 2005 would be about 309 thousand persons. Cancers of the lung, stomach, liver, and colorectum continue to be the most common causes of cancer deaths. While the numbers of expected cancer deaths in the stomach and liver show a decreasing trend, the cancer in the lung, colorectum, pancreas, breast, and oral cavity have an increasing trend. These observations indicate that cancer deaths in the near future would be increasing through the early 2000s, and there should be some urgent government's policy on the cancer management.
Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality ; Female ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Korea/epidemiology ; Liver Neoplasms/mortality ; Lung Neoplasms/mortality ; Male ; Models, Statistical ; Neoplasms/*mortality ; Stomach Neoplasms/mortality ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo analyze the mortality trends and disease burden of malignant tumors in rural area of Feicheng city from 2000 to 2010, and to provide basic information for the prevention and treatment of malignant tumors in this area.

METHODSThe data of cancer mortality from 2000 to 2010 from Feicheng Cancer Registry database were checked. Mortality rate, standardized mortality rate, potential years of life Iost (PYLL), standardized potential years of life lost (SPYLL), average years of life lost (AYLL) and other indexes were calculated and analyzed. The trend of the standardized rates transformed by the natural logarithm over time was assessed by Prais-Winsten regression method in which the errors was assumed to follow a first-order autoregressive process. STATA 12.0 was used to analyze the data.

RESULTSIn average, the crude mortality rate was 199.67 per 100 000 (264.69 per 100 000 in males and 137.24 per 100 000 in females), and the standardized mortality rate was 157.00 per 100 000 (200.49 per 100 000 in males and 101.31 per 100 000 in females). There were no significant changes in the trends of all standardized rates. For males, the mortality rates of lung and colorectal cancers increased significantly, and for females, the rates of lung and breast cancers had increased trend while the rate of esophageal cancer showed a downward trend. There were no statistically significant changes in other main malignant tumors. During 2000 to 2010, the PYLL of malignant tumors in Feicheng was 183 685.0 person-years, and PYLL rate was 23.3 per 1000. The SPYLL was 153 091.0 person-years, SPYLL rate was 19.4 per 1000, and AYLL was 14.8 years.

CONCLUSIONSThere are no obvious changes in the trends of standardized mortality rates in rural area of Feicheng over the past 11 years. For males, the mortality of lung cancer and colorectal cancer is increasing, and for females, the rates of lung and breast cancers have an increasing trend while the rate of esophageal cancer shows a decreasing trend. The prevention and control of digestive malignant tumors, lung cancer and breast cancer are getting seriously important and should be the focal point in this issue.

Breast Neoplasms ; mortality ; China ; epidemiology ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; mortality ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; mortality ; Female ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; trends ; Lung Neoplasms ; mortality ; Male ; Neoplasms ; mortality ; Rural Population

The purpose of the present review is to give an overview of the association between alcohol intake and the risk of developing cancer. Two large-scale expert reports; the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)/American Institute of Cancer Research (AICR) report from 2007, including its continuous update project, and the International Agency for Research of Cancer (IARC) monograph from 2012 have extensively reviewed this association in the last decade. We summarize and compare their findings, as well as relate these to the public health impact, with a particular focus on region-specific drinking patterns and disease tendencies. Our findings show that alcohol intake is strongly linked to the risk of developing cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, colorectum (in men), and female breast. The two expert reports diverge on the evidence for an association with liver cancer and colorectal cancer in women, which the IARC grades as convincing, but the WCRF/AICR as probable. Despite these discrepancies, there does, however, not seem to be any doubt, that the Population Attributable Fraction of alcohol in relation to cancer is large. As alcohol intake varies largely worldwide, so does, however, also the Population Attributable Fractions, ranging from 10% in Europe to almost 0% in countries where alcohol use is banned. Given the World Health Organization's prediction, that alcohol intake is increasing, especially in low- and middle-income countries, and steadily high in high-income countries, the need for preventive efforts to curb the number of alcohol-related cancers seems growing, as well as the need for taking a region- and gender-specific approach in both future campaigns as well as future research. The review acknowledges the potential beneficial effects of small doses of alcohol in relation to ischaemic heart disease, but a discussion of this lies without the scope of the present study.
*Alcohol Drinking ; Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology/etiology/mortality ; Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology/etiology/mortality ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology/etiology/mortality ; Male ; Mouth Neoplasms/epidemiology/etiology/mortality ; Neoplasms/epidemiology/*etiology/mortality ; Public Health ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors

BACKGROUND: Although change in the birth cohort effect on cancer mortality rates is known to be highly associated with the decreasing rates of age-standardized cancer mortality rates in Japan, the differences in the trends of cohort effect for representative cancer types among the prefectures remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the differences in the decreasing rate of cohort effects among the prefectures for representative cancer types using age-period-cohort (APC) analysis. METHODS: Data on stomach, colorectal, liver, and lung cancer mortality for each prefecture and the population data from 1999 to 2018 were obtained from the Vital Statistics in Japan. Mortality data for individuals aged 50 to 79 years grouped in 5-year increments were used, and corresponding birth cohorts born 1920-1924 through 1964-1978 were used for analysis. We estimated the effects of age, period, and cohort on each type of mortality rate for each prefecture by sex. Then, we calculated the decreasing rates of cohort effects for each prefecture. We also calculated the mortality rate ratio of each prefecture compared with all of Japan for cohorts using the estimates. RESULTS: As a result of APC analysis, we found that the decreasing rates of period effects were small and that there was a little difference in the decreasing rates among prefectures for all types of cancer among both sexes. On the other hand, there was a large difference in the decreasing rates of cohort effects for stomach and liver cancer mortality rates among prefectures, particularly for men. For men, the decreasing rates of cohort effects in cohorts born between 1920-1924 and 1964-1978 varied among prefectures, ranging from 4.1 to 84.0% for stomach cancer and from 20.2 to 92.4% for liver cancers, respectively. On the other hand, the differences in the decreasing rates of cohort effects among prefectures for colorectal and lung cancer were relatively smaller. CONCLUSIONS The decreasing rates of cohort effects for stomach and liver cancer varied widely among prefectures. It is possible that this will influence cancer mortality rates in each prefecture in the future.
Aged ; Cohort Studies ; Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality* ; Female ; Humans ; Japan/epidemiology* ; Liver Neoplasms/mortality* ; Lung Neoplasms/mortality* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Stomach Neoplasms/mortality*

OBJECTIVETo understand the disease burden caused by cancers in Jinchang cohort, and develop effective strategies for cancer prevention and control in this population.

METHODSThe cancer mortality data from 2001 to 2013 and the medical records for cancer patients from 2001 to 2010 in Jinchang cohort were collected. The disease burden caused by cancer was analyzed by using mortality rate, potential years of life lost (PYLL), working PYLL (WPYLL), and direct economic burden.

RESULTSDuring 2001-2013, in Jinchang cohort, the five leading cancers ranked by mortality rate were lung cancer (78.06/100,000), gastric cancer (38.03/100,000), liver cancer (37.23/100,000), esophageal cancer (19.06/100,000), and colorectal cancer (9.53/100,000). The five leading cancers in terms of PYLL (person-years) and WPYLL (person-years) were lung cancer (3480.33, 1161.00), liver cancer (2809.03, 1475.00), gastric cancer (2120.54, 844.00), esophageal cancer (949.61, 315.00), and colorectal cancer (539.90, 246.00). From 2001 to 2010, the five leading cancers in term of average daily cost of hospitalization were gastric cancer (8,102.23 Yuan), esophageal cancer (7135.79 Yuan), colorectal cancer (7064.38 Yuan), breast cancer (6723.53 Yuan), and lung cancer (6309.39 Yuan).

CONCLUSIONSThe cancers common causing higher disease burden in Jinchang cohort were lung cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer. The lung cancer disease burden was the highest.

Breast Neoplasms ; economics ; mortality ; China ; epidemiology ; Cohort Studies ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; economics ; mortality ; Cost of Illness ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; economics ; mortality ; Female ; Hospitalization ; economics ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; economics ; mortality ; Lung Neoplasms ; economics ; mortality ; Male ; Neoplasms ; economics ; mortality ; Stomach Neoplasms ; economics ; mortality

Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar ; mortality ; China ; epidemiology ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; mortality ; Female ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; Lung Neoplasms ; mortality ; Male ; Neoplasms ; mortality ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Urban Health

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the disease burden of colorectal cancer in Jinchang cohort, and provide evidence for preventing colorectal cancer and reducing the disease burden of colorectal cancer in the cohort.

METHODSThe colorectal cancer mortality data from 2001 to 2013 and the medical records of colorectal cancer patients from 2001 to 2010 were collected for this retrospective cohort study. The colorectal cancer disease burden was described by using mortality rate, standardized mortality rate, medical expenditure, potential years of life lost (PYLL), average potential years of life lost (APYLL), working potential years of life lost (WPYLL), and average working potential years of life lost (AWPYLL). The development trend in disease burden of colorectal cancer was analyzed by using Spearman correlation and the average growth rate.

RESULTSThe crude mortality rate of colorectal cancer from 2001 to 2013 was 9.53/100,000 with the average annual growth rate of 12.89%. The PYLL, APYLL, WPYLL and AWPYLL of colorectal cancer were 485.00 person-years, 9.15 years, 253.00 person-years, and 4.77 years, respectively. The direct medical expenditure due to colorectal cancer was 7064.38 Yuan per case and 408.43 Yuan per day. There was no increasing trend in the direct medical expenditure due to colorectal cancer.

CONCLUSIONColorectal cancer mortolity rate was on the rise and it caused heavy disease burden in Jinchang cohort.

China ; epidemiology ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; economics ; mortality ; Cost of Illness ; Health Expenditures ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVETo estimate the cancer incidence and mortality in China in 2004 - 2005 based on available resources.

METHODSThe cancer mortality and incidence ratios were obtained on the basis of national cancer registration database in 2003 and 2004 adjusted by age and area. The crude cancer mortalities were retrieved from the database of the third national death survey 2004-2005. Incidence rates of specified cancer types were calculated using mortality and M/I ratios.

RESULTSThe total estimated cancer incidence and mortality per year in 2004 - 2005 were 2 596 112 new cases and 1 798 147 deaths, both were higher in males than in females. There were 1 337 227 new cases and 841 860 deaths in urban areas compared with 1 258 885 new cases and 956 287 deaths in rural areas. Cancers of the lung, stomach, liver, esophagus and colorectum/anus were the commonest cancers in China with 483 040, 428 380, 370 236, 236 589 and 197 873 new cases, respectively. Those five cancers were leading causes of cancer death with a number of 420 411, 339 308, 318 756, 190 233 and 101 684, respectively.

CONCLUSIONCancer burden in China is getting more and more serious. It is imperative to enhance effective cancer prevention and control in China.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Liver Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Lung Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Poisson Distribution ; Retrospective Studies ; Rural Population ; Sampling Studies ; Sex Factors ; Stomach Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Urban Population ; Young Adult

Inflammation may be linked to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. However, two conflicting observational results were recently reported on the relationship between the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) and the risk of colorectal cancer. Few epidemiologic studies have examined the association between inflammatory markers and the risk of colorectal cancer. We prospectively examined the mortality and incidence risk for colon and rectal cancers among 424,419 Koreans (108,907 men and 315,512 women). The subjects were 40 to 95 years of age and from the Korean Cancer Prevention Study (KCPS) cohort. All subjects received medical examination from the National Health Insurance Corporation in 1993 and 1995. The maximum follow-up period was 10 years, and the follow-up periods began in January 1, 1994 and ended in December 31, 2003. An elevated white blood cell count (WBC) was associated with a higher mortality risk of colon cancer (highest versus lowest quartile: men, 1.55, 95% CI 1.10-2.18, p for trend = 0.0014; women, 1.51, 95% CI 1.12- 2.03, p for trend = 0.0049). Similarly, an elevated WBC was associated with a higher incidence risk of colon cancer (highest versus lowest quartile: men, 1.38, 1.09-1.76, p for trend = 0.0017; women, 1.46, 95% CI 1.20-1.78, p for trend= 0.0003). A positive linear trend was also observed in non- smokers. There was no significant association between WBC and the risk of rectal cancer. Our findings demonstrate that an elevated WBC is associated with an increase in both the mortality and incidence rates of colon cancer. These results support our hypothesis that inflammation increases the risk of colon cancer.
Smoking ; Risk Factors ; Rectal Neoplasms/epidemiology/mortality ; Prospective Studies ; Middle Aged ; Male ; *Leukocyte Count ; Humans ; Follow-Up Studies ; Female ; Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology/mortality ; Colonic Neoplasms/*epidemiology/mortality ; Cohort Studies ; Biological Markers ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aged ; Adult

Gender difference in the incidence of colorectal cancer is well known and has been supported by various epidemiologic studies. In Korea, women have lower incidence of colorectal cancer and adenoma, and the incidence in men has recently increased. Hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women is preventive of colorectal cancer but can cause cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer. Estrogen exerts diverse effects through estrogen receptors, ERalpha and ERbeta. ERbeta is associated with anti-proliferation and apoptosis. The ratio of ERalpha/ERbeta is important in the protection and tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer. Therefore ERbeta modulation has been investigated for preventing or treating colorectal cancer and avoiding adverse effects of estrogen at the same time. In addition, the gender-difference in the incidence of colorectal cancer should be taken into account when making guidelines on colorectal surveillance for Korean population.
Adenoma/diagnosis/epidemiology/mortality ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*diagnosis/epidemiology/mortality ; Estradiol Dehydrogenases/metabolism ; Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism ; Estrogen Receptor beta/metabolism ; Estrogens/*metabolism ; Humans ; Sex Factors