Despite the success of colonoscopy screening and recent advances in cancer treatment, colorectal cancer (CRC) still remains one of the most commonly diagnosed and deadly cancers, with a significantly increased incidence in developing countries where people are adapting to Western lifestyle. Diet has an important impact on risk of CRC. Multiple epidemiological studies have suggested that excessive animal protein and fat intake, especially red meat and processed meat, could increase the risk of developing CRC while fiber could protect against colorectal tumorigenesis. Mechanisms have been investigated by animal studies. Diet could re-shape the community structure of gut microbiota and influence its function by modulating the production of metabolites. Butyrate, one of the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which act as a favorable source for colonocytes, could protect colonic epithelial cells from tumorigenesis via anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic properties through cell metabolism, microbiota homeostasis, antiproliferative, immunomodulatory and genetic/epigenetic regulation ways. In contrast, protein fermentation and bile acid deconjugation, which cause damage to colonic cells through proinflammatory and proneoplastic ways, lead to increased risk of developing CRC. In conclusion, a balanced diet with an increased abundance of fiber should be adopted to reduce the risk and prevent CRC.
Animals ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Diet ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo construct tree models for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)and explore the oncogenesis process of NPC.

METHODSBased on the software which Desper et al developed, tree models were constructed for colorectal carcinoma (CC) from the comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) data of 118 CC patients and for NPC from the CGH data of 140 southern Chinese patients, respectively.

RESULTSTree models for CC suggested that changes in -18q and +20q were important early events in colorectal carcinogenesis. As changes in -18q occurred prior to those in -17p, there might be some cause-effect relationship. Tree models for NPC suggested that change in -3p was an important early event in nasopharyngeal carcinogenesis, and those in -11q, -14q, -16q, -9p were also non-random genetic events in carcinogenesis, suggesting that there might be tumor-associated genes existing on these chromosome arms. The tree model also suggested the existence of oncogene on the short arm of chromosome 12.

CONCLUSIONConstructing tree models based on the CGH data to demonstrate the initiation and progression of NPC might help elucidate its multigene, multistep and multipathway development. It may provide valuable clues to explore the mechanism of tumorigenesis.

Chromosome Aberrations ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; etiology ; genetics ; Humans ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; etiology ; genetics ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization

BACKGROUNDColorectal surgery was regarded as one of the high risk surgery for post-operative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism. This study aimed at investigating the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after colorectal surgery for malignancy.

METHODSData were collected from the prospective database of colorectal malignancy from 2000 to 2008. A total of 1421 colorectal (open and laparoscopic) operations were performed for the colorectal malignancy without DVT prophylaxis.

RESULTSOnly seven patients (0.5%) developed symptomatic DVT and one of them had complication of pulmonary embolism without mortality. Open operation for colorectal malignancy was identified as possible risk factor of DVT, however, risk factors like operative time, low anterior resection, sex, age etc. were not identified.

CONCLUSIONRisk of venous thromboembolism after colorectal operation is low in Chinese of our locality and it might be safe to perform colorectal operation for malignancy without DVT prophylaxis.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; surgery ; Colorectal Surgery ; adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; Pulmonary Embolism ; etiology ; Venous Thrombosis ; etiology

The purpose of the present review is to give an overview of the association between alcohol intake and the risk of developing cancer. Two large-scale expert reports; the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)/American Institute of Cancer Research (AICR) report from 2007, including its continuous update project, and the International Agency for Research of Cancer (IARC) monograph from 2012 have extensively reviewed this association in the last decade. We summarize and compare their findings, as well as relate these to the public health impact, with a particular focus on region-specific drinking patterns and disease tendencies. Our findings show that alcohol intake is strongly linked to the risk of developing cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, colorectum (in men), and female breast. The two expert reports diverge on the evidence for an association with liver cancer and colorectal cancer in women, which the IARC grades as convincing, but the WCRF/AICR as probable. Despite these discrepancies, there does, however, not seem to be any doubt, that the Population Attributable Fraction of alcohol in relation to cancer is large. As alcohol intake varies largely worldwide, so does, however, also the Population Attributable Fractions, ranging from 10% in Europe to almost 0% in countries where alcohol use is banned. Given the World Health Organization's prediction, that alcohol intake is increasing, especially in low- and middle-income countries, and steadily high in high-income countries, the need for preventive efforts to curb the number of alcohol-related cancers seems growing, as well as the need for taking a region- and gender-specific approach in both future campaigns as well as future research. The review acknowledges the potential beneficial effects of small doses of alcohol in relation to ischaemic heart disease, but a discussion of this lies without the scope of the present study.
*Alcohol Drinking ; Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology/etiology/mortality ; Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology/etiology/mortality ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology/etiology/mortality ; Male ; Mouth Neoplasms/epidemiology/etiology/mortality ; Neoplasms/epidemiology/*etiology/mortality ; Public Health ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors

OBJECTIVETo compare the incidence of postoperative ileus following laparoscopic and open radical resection for colorectal cancer using meta-analysis.

METHODSThe Cochrane library, Pubmed, Ovid databases were searched as of October 2011. Two reviewers extracted the data and assessed the methodological quality independently. The homogeneity of studies was evaluated and the meta-analysis was conducted by the Cochrane Collaboration RevMan 5.0 software.

RESULTSSeven studies including 3630 cases were analyzed. A total of 1814 patients received laparoscopic surgery, of whom 58 developed postoperative ileus. There were 1816 cases undergoing open surgery, of whom 105 developed early postoperative ileus. The pooled relative risk was 0.55 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.41-0.76. The difference was statistically significant(P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONCompared with open surgery, laparoscopic colorectal resection can reduce the incidence of postoperative ileus.

Colectomy ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; surgery ; Humans ; Ileus ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Incidence ; Laparoscopy ; Postoperative Complications

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the safety and efficacy of self-expending metallic stents (SEMS) as bridge to surgery versus emergency surgery for left-sided malignant colorectal obstruction.

METHODSA comprehensive literature search of CENTRAL, PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, Ovid LWW, CMB, CNKI and Wanfang Databases were performed for all randomized controlled trials or retrospective studies comparing self-expending metallic stents as bridge to surgery(SABS group) with emergency surgery (ES group). A meta-analysis was carried out by RevMan5.1 software on the outcomes concerning safety and efficacy of the two groups.

RESULTSFourteen studies matched the criteria including 1083 patients. Five were randomized controlled trials and nine were retrospective analysis. Compared with the ES group, the SABS group had a lower short-term mortality(RR=0.52, 95% CI:0.30-0.93, P<0.05), lower overall complications(RR=0.46, 95% CI:0.31-0.70, P<0.05), higher resection rate(RR=1.90, 95%CI:1.33-2.70, P<0.01), shorter operative time(MD=-59.77, 95%CI:-87.51--32.04, P<0.01), and shorter interval to first flatus(MD=-10.78, 95%CI:-16.67--4.90, P<0.01). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in permanent stomy and hospital stay.

CONCLUSIONThe safety and efficacy of self-expending metallic stents as bridge to surgery for left-sided malignant colorectal obstruction is superior to emergency surgery.

Colectomy ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; complications ; surgery ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Intestinal Obstruction ; etiology ; surgery ; Stents ; Treatment Outcome

Objective: To compare the effects of three treatment options: emergency surgery, stent-surgery, and stent-neoadjuvant chemotherapy-surgery, on the pathological characteris- tics of surgically-resected specimens from patients with completely obstructive colorectal cancer. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study analyzing clinicopathological data of patients with complete obstructive colorectal cancer who were admitted to the General Surgery Department of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, between May 2012 and August 2020. The inclusion criteria were diagnosed with complete colorectal obstruction, pathologically confirmed as adenocarcinoma, resectable on imaging assessment, and without distant metastasis, combined with the patients' clinical manifestations and imaging examination findings. Patients with multiple colorectal cancers, refusal to undergo surgery, and concurrent peritonitis or intestinal perforation before stenting of the intestinal obstruction were excluded. Eighty-nine patients with completely obstructive colorectal cancer were enrolled in the study and were divided into emergency surgery group (n=30), stent-surgery group (n=34), and stent-neoadjuvant chemotherapy- surgery group (n=25) according to the treatment strategy. Differences in the pathological features (namely perineural infiltration, lymphovascular infiltration, tumor deposits, specimen intravascular necrosis, inflammatory infiltration, abscesses, mucus lake formation, foreign body giant cells, calcification, and tumor cell ratio) and biomolecular markers (namely cluster of differentiation (CD)34, Ki67, Bcl-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and hypoxia-inducible factor alpha) were recorded. Pathological evaluation was based on the presence or absence of qualitative evaluation of pathological features, such as peripheral nerve infiltration, vascular infiltration, and cancer nodules within the specimens. The evaluation criteria for the pathological features of the specimens were as follows: Semi-quantitative graded evaluation based on the proportion of tissue necrosis, inflammatory infiltrates, abscesses, mucus lake formation, foreign body giant cells, calcification, and tumor cells in the field of view within the specimen were classified as: grade 0: not seen within the specimen; grade 1: 0-25%; grade 2: 25%-50%; grade 3: 50%-75%; and grade 4: 75%-100%. The intensity of cellular immunity was classified as none (0 points), weak (1 point), moderate (2 points), and strong (3 points). The two evaluation scores were then multiplied to obtain a total score of 0-12. The immunohistochemical results were also evaluated comprehensively, and the results were defined as: negative (grade 0): 0 points; weakly positive (grade 1): 1-3 points; moderately positive (grade 2): 4-6 points; strongly positive (grade 3): 7-9 points; and very strong positive (grade 4): 10-12 points. Normally-distributed values were expressed as mean±standard deviation, and one-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the differences between the groups. Non-normally-distributed values were expressed as median (interquartile range: Q1, Q3). A nonparametric test (Kruskal-Wallis H test) was used for comparisons between groups. Results: The differences were not statistically significant when comparing the baseline data for age, gender, tumor site, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, tumor T-stage, N-stage, and degree of differentiation among the three groups (all P>0.05). The differences were not statistically significant when comparing the pathological characteristics of the resected tumor specimens, such as foreign body giant cells, inflammatory infiltration, and mucus lake formation among the three groups (all P>0.05). The rates of vascular infiltration were 56.6% (17/30), 41.2% (15/34), and 20.0% (5/25) in the emergency surgery, stent-surgery, and stent- neoadjuvant chemotherapy-surgery groups, respectively, with statistically significant differences between the groups (χ²=7.142, P=0.028). Additionally, the rate of vascular infiltration was significantly lower in the stent-neoadjuvant chemotherapy-surgery group than that in the emergency surgery group (P=0.038). Peripheral nerve infiltration rates were 55.3% (16/30), 41.2% (14/34), and 16.0% (4/25), in the emergency surgery, stent-surgery, and stent-neoadjuvant chemotherapy-surgery groups, respectively, with statistically significant differences (χ²=7.735, P=0.021). The infiltration peripheral nerve rates in the stent-neoadjuvant chemotherapy-surgery group were significantly lower than those in the emergency surgery group (P=0.032). The necrosis grade was 2 (1, 2), 2 (1, 3), and 2 (2, 3) in the emergency surgery, stent- surgery, and stent-neoadjuvant chemotherapy-surgery groups, respectively, with statistically significant differences (H=10.090, P=0.006). Post hoc comparison revealed that the necrosis grade was higher in the stent-surgery and stent-neoadjuvant chemotherapy-surgery groups compared with the emergency surgery group (both P<0.05). The abscess grade was 2 (1, 2), 3 (1, 3), and 2 (2, 3) in the emergency surgery, stent-surgery, and stent-neoadjuvant chemotherapy-surgery groups, respectively, with statistically significant differences (H=6.584, P=0.037). Post hoc comparison revealed that the abscess grade in the emergency surgery group was significantly lower than that in the stent-surgery group (P=0.037). The fibrosis grade was 2 (1, 3), 3 (2, 3), and 3 (2, 3), in the emergency surgery, stent-surgery, and stent-neoadjuvant chemotherapy-surgery groups, respectively, with statistically significant differences (H=11.078, P=0.004). Post hoc analysis revealed that the fibrosis degree was higher in both the stent-surgery group and the stent- neoadjuvant chemotherapy-surgery group compared with the emergency surgery group (both, P<0.05). The tumor cell ratio grades were 4 (3, 4), 4 (3, 4), and 3 (2, 4), in the emergency surgery, stent-surgery, and stent-neoadjuvant chemotherapy-surgery groups, respectively, with statistically significant differences (H=8.594, P=0.014). Post hoc analysis showed that the tumor cell ratio in the stent-neoadjuvant chemotherapy-surgery group was significantly lower than that in the emergency surgery group (P=0.012). The CD34 grades were 2 (2, 3), 3 (2, 4), and 3 (2, 3) in the emergency surgery, stent-surgery, and stent-neoadjuvant chemotherapy-surgery groups, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (H=9.786, P=0.007). Post hoc analysis showed that the CD34 grades in the emergency surgery, stent-surgery, and stent-neoadjuvant chemotherapy-surgery groups were 2 (2, 3), 3 (2, 4), and 3 (2,3), respectively. Post hoc analysis revealed that the CD34 concentration was higher in the stent-surgery group than that in the emergency surgery group (P=0.005). Conclusion: Stenting may increase the risk of distant metastases in obstructive colorectal cancer. The stent-neoadjuvant chemotherapy-surgery treatment model promotes tumor cell necrosis and fibrosis and reduces the proportion of tumor cells, vascular infiltration, and peripheral nerve infiltration, which may help decrease local tumor infiltration and distant metastasis in completely obstructive colorectal cancer after stent placement.
Humans ; Neoadjuvant Therapy/methods* ; Abscess ; Retrospective Studies ; Intestinal Obstruction/etiology* ; Stents ; Colorectal Neoplasms/therapy* ; Necrosis

To evaluate the feasibility and safety of colon stenting as bridge surgery for colorectal cancer obstruction.
 Methods: A total of 30 patients (stent group), who underwent colonic stenting for colorectal obstruction at the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University from September 2015 to June 2017, were selected to receive the preoperative bridge surgery. Technical success rates, clinical success rates, and stent-related complications were observed. A total of 38 patients (emergency surgery group), who underwent surgical operation for colorectal obstruction, served as a control. The tumor resection rate at Stage I, ostomy rate, hospitalization time, and hospitalization cost were compared between the 2 groups.
 Results: The technical success and clinical success rates were 100.0% and 90.0% in the stent group, respectively. The stent-related complications included bleeding in 2 cases (6.7%), micro-perforation in 1 case (3.3%), stent displacement in 1 case (3.3%), and stent occlusion in 3 cases (10.0%) in the stent group. The Stage I tumor resection rate in the stent group was significantly higher than that in the emergency surgery group (90.0% vs 68.4%, P<0.01). The incidence of anastomotic leakage in the stent group was lower than that in the emergency surgery group (3.3% vs 10.5%, P<0.05); the stoma rate in the stent group was lower than that in the emergency surgery group (13.3% vs 44.7%, P<0.01). The surgical complications occurred in the stent group were significantly lower than those in the emergency surgery group (20.0% vs 47.3%, P<0.01). The average hospital stay in the stent group was lower than that in the emergency surgery group (20.0 vs 24.5 days, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in hospitalization costs between the 2 groups (P>0.05).
 Conclusion: Preoperative colonic stenting for colorectal obstruction surgery as a bridge is feasible in terms of methods, and which can significantly increase the Stage I tumor resection rate, reduce the ostomy rate, decrease surgical complications, shorten the average length of hospital stay, and reduce patient suffering.
Colorectal Neoplasms ; complications ; Humans ; Intestinal Obstruction ; etiology ; therapy ; Stents ; Treatment Outcome

Chyle leak is a rare complication after abdominal surgery. According to the statistical results from our center, we summarized the experiences in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of abdominal chyle leak after radical resection of colorectal cancer. Early prevention, early diagnosis, and early treatment may result in earlier recovery, shorter hospital stay, lower incidence, and better prognosis.
Chyle ; Chylous Ascites ; diagnosis ; etiology ; therapy ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; surgery ; Humans ; Postoperative Complications ; diagnosis ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo explore the risk factors and prevention strategies of post-operative complications in elderly patients with colorectal cancer.

METHODSData of 107 elderly patients (≥75 years) undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer were collected from January 2006 to December 2009 in the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital. POSSUM and E-POSSUM scoring systems were used to predict post-operative complications. ROC curve and observe/expect(O/E) were used to assess the validity of scoring systems. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the independent risk factors associated with post-operative complications of elderly patients with colorectal cancer.

RESULTSThe predictive complication rates of E-POSSUM and POSSUM in elderly patients with colorectal cancer were 13.9%-86.6%(average, 32.7%) and 19.1%-99.1% (average, 55.5%). The predictive validity of E-POSSUM was better than POSSUM(AUC of ROC: 0.862 vs. 0.576, O/E: 0.771 vs. 0.454), the former was closer to the actual complication rate(25.2%, 27/107). Concurrent diabetes mellitus(P=0.019) and rectal lesion(P=0.005) were independent risk factors associated with surgery-related post-operative complications. Anastomotic leakage was the most common surgery-related post-operative complications. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(P=0.026), ASA score(P=0.025), intestinal obstruction(P=0.037) and perforation(P=0.001) were independent risk factors associated with non-surgery-related post-operative complications. Pulmonary infection was the most common non-surgery-related post-operative complication.

CONCLUSIONSThe application of E-POSSUM scoring system can provide more accurate prediction of post-operative complications in elderly patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. Positive interventions should be taken for high-risk patients to prevent post-operative complications.

Aged ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Postoperative Complications ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Risk Factors