PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate the characteristics and classification of congenital color vision deficiency (CVD) by the SNU computerized color test (SCCT) that was developed to sufficiently utilize the advantages of a computer. METHODS: Hardy-Rand-Rittler test (HRR test), Nagel anomaloscope and SCCT were performed on 60 eyes of 30 CVD patients and 30 normal subjects and the results were compared. RESULTS: In normal subjects, the error scores were all zero at all colors by SCCT. By SCCT protan color defectives showed a peak at hue 0 red in 7 eyes (29.2%), at hue 150 green in 3 eyes (12.5%), at hue 180 green in 18 eyes (75%), and at hue 330 red in 2 eyes (8.3%). By SCCT, deutan color defectives showed a peak at hue 0 red in 2 eyes (5.6%), at hue 150 green in 24 eyes (66.7%), at hue 180 green in 2 eyes (5.6%), and at hue 330 red in 23 eyes (63.9%). CONCLUSIONS: SCCT showed specific axes in CVD patients, with accuracy and high sensitivity to diagnosis. SCCT appears to be useful clinically as a color vision test to diagnose and classify CVD patients.
Classification* ; Color Vision Defects* ; Color Vision* ; Diagnosis ; Humans

PURPOSE: This study aimed to quantify the shift of colorimetric values in the Ishihara pseudoisochromatic test with aging of the plates. METHODS: Three sets of Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates with different published dates (printed in 1971, 1983 and 2001) were tested. Positions matching 32 dots with 13 colors were chosen from each set and the colorimetric values with the CIELAB and HSB/HLS color systems were measured with a spectrophotometer. Lightness (L*), red-green (a*), blue-yellow (b*), chroma, red hue, yellow hue, and green hue values from each set were compared. RESULTS: L* and chroma values were significantly higher in the older versions. The a* values shifted to red (increased a*) and the b* values shifted to yellow (increased b*) with plate aging. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that the pseudoisochromatic plates had significant changes in color values and a directional shift with aging.
Color ; *Color Perception ; Color Vision Defects/*diagnosis ; *Colorimetry ; Humans ; Spectrophotometry ; Time Factors ; Vision Tests/*instrumentation

PURPOSE: to study the utility of a program which diagnoses and compensates for color defects on computer monitors according to the severity and type of color vision deficiency (CVD). METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with congenital CVD completed Seohan computerized hue test, color compensated Seohan computerized hue test and questionnaire for preference of color compensated images. The relation between results of the Seohan computerized hue test and the degrees of color compensation was investigated. HRR test and Nagel anomaloscope were used for determining the severity and type of CVD. RESULTS: In applying the color compensation program, the total error score (TES) of the Seohan computerized hue test was significantly reduced. In cases of milder color vision defect, the TES of the color compensated Seohan computerized hue test was reduced at lower color compensations, while it was reduced at higher color compensations in cases of more severe color vision defect. In the color compensation of images, patients with milder color vision defects preferred images with lower color compensation and patients with more severe color vision defect preferred images with higher color compensation. CONCLUSIONS: The color compensation program for CVD effectively reduced the TES of Seohan computerized hue tests and improved the recognition of colors. This suggests that the program can be helpful to actual life in patients with CVD.
Color Vision Defects* ; Color Vision* ; Compensation and Redress ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Stargardt's disease is a heredo-macular dystrophy which evidences itself by reduced visual acuity, bilaterally, slowly progressive lesion, and by color blindness starting in youth. The diagnosis of Stargardt's disease is usually made by biomicroscopy and fluoresceine angiography which show many irregular shaped, small yellowish flecks. According to Fishman, the characteristic prolonged time to obtain adequate rod amplitude in dark-adapted electroretionography is advisable for differential diagnosis of Stargardt's disease. We didn't find the abnormal finding of dark-adapted electroretinography in two patients of Stargardt's disease. So, more studies will be needed for electroretinography of Stargardt's disease.
Adolescent ; Angiography ; Color Vision Defects ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Electroretinography ; Fluorescein ; Humans ; Visual Acuity

Three hundred patients who have congenital colour vision deficiencies were examined at the author's eye clinic for 3 years (1987-1990) using 5 types of colour vision tests: Hahn's, TMC's, Okuma's (new), H-R-R's colour vision tests and Double 15 Hue Test (Hahn). The results obtained from each test were quite different in type and grade, and the summarized results were considered to be the best: Type: protan 23.3%, deutan 76.0%, unclassified 0.7% Grade: mild 20.3%, medium 25.3%, strong 54.4% The frequency of coincidence both in type and grade between the summarized results and those of each test were compared, and the highest was 62.3% in Double 15 Hue Test. The efficiency of the author's colour vision test and Double 15 Hue Test were evaluated with the data in this clinical trial, and they were found to be useful for classifying the type and estimating the grade of the congenital and also acquired colour vision deficiencies.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Color Perception Tests ; Color Vision Defects/*congenital/diagnosis ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

It is important to investigate the incidence of congenital color deficiency and to determine the type and degree because the color deficiency can effect as a handicap to certain occupations. The incidence of congenital color deficiency is remarkably constant among Caucasians but other races show considerable variations. We investigated the incidence of congenital color deficiency among Koreans by the use of H-R-R pseudoisochromatic plates. The present study revealed that the incidence of congenital color deficiency among Koreans was 31.5% (5.90% in men, 0.44% in women).
Color Vision Defects/classification/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male

An ARM-based embedded system design schemes is proposed for the color-blind image processing system. The hardware and software of the embedded color-blind image processing system are designed using ARM core processor. Besides, a simple and convenient interface is implemented. This system supplies a general hardware platform for the applications of color-blind image processing algorithms, so that it may bring convenience for the test and rectification of color blindness.
Algorithms ; Color Vision Defects ; diagnosis ; Equipment Design ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; instrumentation ; methods ; Software

This paper reviews the published literature that is concerned with color vision impairment from industrial and environmental exposure to neurotoxic substances, and we evaluated whether testing for color vision impairment could be an affordable procedure for assessing these neurotoxic effects. In general, most cases of congenital color vision impairment are red-green, and blue-yellow impairment is extremely rare. However, most of the acquired color vision impairment that is related to age, alcohol or environmental factors is blue-yellow impairment. Therefore, many studies have been performed to identify this relationship between exposure to neurotoxic substances, such as organic solvents and heavy metals, and the prevalence of blueyellow color vision impairment. The test for color vision impairment is known to be very sensitive to the early signs of nervous system dysfunction and this can be useful for making the early diagnosis of neurotoxic effects from exposure to very low concentrations of toxic substances.
*Color Perception Tests ; Color Vision Defects/*chemically induced/diagnosis ; Early Diagnosis ; Hazardous Substances/*toxicity ; Humans ; Neurotoxicity Syndromes/*diagnosis/pathology ; Solvents/adverse effects

PURPOSE: To evaluate a customized, portable Farnsworth-Munsell 100 (FM 100) hue viewing booth for compliance with colour vision testing standards and to compare it with room illumination in subjects with normal colour vision (trichromats), subjects with acquired colour vision defects (secondary to diabetes mellitus), and subjects with congenital colour vision defects (dichromats). METHODS: Discrete wavelengths of the tube in the customized booth were measured using a spectrometer using the normal incident method and were compared with the spectral distribution of sunlight. Forty-eight subjects were recruited for the study and were divided into 3 groups: Group 1, Normal Trichromats (30 eyes); Group 2, Congenital Colour Vision Defects (16 eyes); and Group 3, Diabetes Mellitus (20 eyes). The FM 100 hue test performance was compared using two illumination conditions, booth illumination and room illumination. RESULTS: Total error scores of the classical method in Group 2 as mean+/-SD for room and booth illumination was 243.05+/-85.96 and 149.85+/-54.50 respectively (p=0.0001). Group 2 demonstrated lesser correlation (r=0.50, 0.55), lesser reliability (Cronbach's alpha, 0.625, 0.662) and greater variability (Bland & Altman value, 10.5) in total error scores for the classical method and the moment of inertia method between the two illumination conditions when compared to the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The customized booth demonstrated illumination meeting CIE standards. The total error scores were overestimated by the classical and moment of inertia methods in all groups for room illumination compared with booth illumination, however overestimation was more significant in the diabetes group.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Color Perception Tests/*instrumentation/*methods/standards ; Color Vision Defects/congenital/*diagnosis/etiology ; Diabetes Complications ; Equipment Design ; Humans ; *Lighting ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

Dynamic color is an important carrier that takes information in some special occupations. However, up to the present, there are no available and objective tests to evaluate dynamic color processing. To investigate the characteristics of dynamic color processing, we adopted two patterns of visual stimulus called "onset-offset" which reflected static color stimuli and "sustained moving" without abrupt mode which reflected dynamic color stimuli to evoke event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in primary color amblyopia patients (abnormal group) and subjects with normal color recognition ability (normal group). ERPs were recorded by Neuroscan system. The results showed that in the normal group, ERPs in response to the dynamic red stimulus showed frontal positive amplitudes with a latency of about 180 ms, a negative peak at about 240 ms and a peak latency of the late positive potential (LPP) in a time window between 290 and 580 ms. In the abnormal group, ERPs in response to the dynamic red stimulus were fully lost and characterized by vanished amplitudes between 0 and 800 ms. No significant difference was noted in ERPs in response to the dynamic green and blue stimulus between the two groups (P>0.05). ERPs of the two groups in response to the static red, green and blue stimulus were not much different, showing a transient negative peak at about 170 ms and a peak latency of LPP in a time window between 350 and 650 ms. Our results first revealed that some subjects who were not identified as color blindness under static color recognition could not completely apperceive a sort of dynamic red stimulus by ERPs, which was called "dynamic red blindness". Furthermore, these results also indicated that low-frequency ERPs induced by "sustained moving" may be a good and new method to test dynamic color perception competence.
Adult ; Color Perception ; physiology ; Color Vision Defects ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Event-Related Potentials, P300 ; physiology ; Evoked Potentials, Visual ; physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; physiology ; Young Adult