Color

124 cases with congenital red-green color defects were examined using hahn`s color vision test, double 15 hue test, and Nagel`s anomaloscope. In the Neitz anomaloscope test, 5 cases(4%) showed protanomaly, 1 case(1%) extreme protanomaly, 16 cases (13%) protanopia, 45 cases(36%) deuteranomaly, 52 cases(42%) deuteranopia, and 5 cases (4%) normal state. 5 cases(4%) of protan was classified by degree of color defects, 1 case with mild defect, 1 case with moderate defect, and 3 cases with severe defect by the Hahn`s color vision test. 14 cases (10.4%) of deutan eye the following:5 cases in mild, 6 cases in noderate, and 3 cases in severe defect. 105 cases (85.6%) were the unclassified type. In comparision with Hahn`s color vision test and anomaloscope, the concordance rate was 57.1%(8/14) in only mild and severe color defect of deutan. In the Double 15 hue test, 29 cases (23%) showed in 60.9%(25/41) in deutan. By the degree of color defect, 6 cases showed medium response, 23 cases strong response in protan. 4 cases showed medium, 37 cases strong response in deutan. The concordance rates are 57%(13/23) in protan and 68%(25/37) in deutan in strong response. We conclude that Neitz anomaloscope test is better method than Hahn`s color vision test and double 15 hue test in qualitative and qualntitative dignosis of cogenital red-green color defects.
Color Perception Tests* ; Color Perception* ; Color Vision

We performed Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test in pseudophakic eyes and phakic eyes to detect the abnormal color perception suggested in pseudophakic eyes compared with phakic eyes. But there were no significant differences in total error scores and mean error scores at four individual boxes between two groups. The results suggest that there were no differences in color perception between pseudophakic and phakic eyes by Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test.
Color Perception

In an attempt to assess the evidence of foveal color vision abnormality in diabetic patients, the foveal threshold (dB) of white, red, green, and blue color were tested in a normal control group (24persons, 48eyes) and in a diabetic patient group (30persons, 59eyes) by Allergan Humphrey Field Analyzer (Model(R) 640). The diabetic patients wrer divided into 3groups: non-retinopathic group less than 5 year duration (18eyes), non-retinopathic group less than 5year duration (18eyes), non-retinopathic group more than 5year duration (21eyes), and BDR (20eyes). In the normal control group the threshold was gradually increased in white, red, blue, and green colors and the threshold of the green color was highest but the threhold of the blue color was highest in the non-retinopathic diabetic group with more than a 5year duration and BDR There were no statistically significant differences in the threshold between the white and green color amomg groups. But, the threshold of the blue color was singificantly increased in BDR and the non-retinopathic diabetic diabetic group more than 5year duration that the normal group (pcolor was significantly increased in BDR (p<0.05).
Color Vision ; Humans

In 1998, 186 samples in Hanoi and 154 samples in Hai Phong city of 13 kinds of retail color processed foods were examined. Survey the knowledge of hygiene and safe food of 60 consumers and sellers in Hanoi and 100 consumers and sellers in Hai Phong city. Results: the rate of using unrecommended coloring in Hanoi was 43.4%, and in Hai Phong was 39.5%. 89.3%-100% of retail coloring packages in markets were illegal. In 2002, the rate of using harmful coloring in processing retail food in Hanoi was decreased significantly
Food ; Color ; Health Resources

No abstract available.
Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color*

OBJECTIVEMoxibustion is an important traditional Chinese medicine therapy using heat from ignited moxa floss for disease treatment. The purpose of the present study is to establish a reproducible method to assess the color of moxa floss, discriminate the samples based on chromatic coordinates and explore the relationship between chromatic coordinates and total flavonoid content (TFC).

METHODSMoxa floss samples of different storage years and production ratios were obtained from a moxa production factory in Henan Province, China. Chromatic coordinates (L*, a* and b*) were analyzed with an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer and the chroma (C*) and hue angle (h°) values were calculated. TFC was determined by a colorimetric method. Data were analyzed with correlation, principal component analysis (PCA).

RESULTSSignificant differences in the chromatic values and TFC were observed among samples of different storage years and production ratios. Samples of higher production ratio displayed higher chromatic characteristics and lower TFC. Samples of longer storage years contained higher TFC. Preliminary separation of moxa floss production ratio was obtained by means of color feature maps developed using L*-a* or L*-b* as coordinates. PCA allowed the separation of the samples from their storage years and production ratios based on their chromatic characteristics and TFC.

CONCLUSIONThe use of a colorimetric technique and CIELAB coordinates coupled with chemometrics can be practical and objective for discriminating moxa floss of different storage years and production ratios. The development of color feature maps could be used as a model for classifying the color grading of moxa floss.

Objective: This study determined the incidence of and risk factors for color-vision abnormalities among Filipino patients undergoing directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) for tuberculosis. Methods: A prospective single-cohort study involving newly diagnosed patients with category-1 tuberculosis, recruited from DOTS health centers in Manila, was conducted. All patients were given a fixed-dose combination of rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for 60 days, after which treatment was continued with rifampicin and isoniazid for 4 more months. The participants underwent complete eye evaluation including color-vision testing and were followed up every month up to the conclusion of treatment. Results: Out of 93 patients initially enrolled, 64 completed the prescribed follow-up and constituted the study group. Baseline color vision was normal. After 1 month of therapy, color vision tested with the Ishihara plates remained normal in all patients, but one failed the Farnsworth Panel D 15 and was classified as tritan while 30 (47.88%) failed the Lanthony Desaturated test. The type of abnormality was unclassified in 20 (66.67 %)patients and tritan in 10 (33.3%). Visual acuity remained unchanged from baseline. Repeat testing after ethambutol and pyrazinamide were stopped showed that color vision was normal using the Ishihara plates and the Farnsworth test, while 5 failed the Lanthony test. Of these, 3 were unclassified and 2 were tritan. In the 3rd to 6th months follow-up, no color-vision abnormalities were noted in the 3 tests. The only risk factor identified was age (p = 0.01) with older patients having a higher risk. Conclusion The incidence of color-vision abnormalities among patients undergoing DOTS was 47.88% using the Lanthony Desaturated test after an average of 39.66 days on quadruple anti-TB therapy. Age was the only significant risk factor observed. The color-vision abnormalities returned to normal within an average of 37.85 days after discontinuing ethambutol and pyrazinamide.
Ethambutol ; Tuberculosis ; Color Vision

Objective This study determined the prevalence of color-vision deficiency among male high-school students in a public school. Methods Male high-school students were screened for color-vision deficiency using 6 plates of the Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates. All students with one or more errors were reexamined at a later date with the full 15 Ishihara plates and the Farnsworth D15 (FD15) test. A detailed history was taken and an ocular examination was conducted. Students who identified less than 10 plates correctly on the FD15 were classified as color-deficient and underwent the Farnsworth Munsell 100 hue (FM 100) test. The results were statistically analyzed. Results A total of 1,258 male high-school students, aged 12 to 16 years, were included in the study, 122 of whom failed the screening test. Of these, 106 completed the 15 Ishihara plates. Sixty-five failed and were classified as color-visiondeficient, of which 64 (98%) were deutans. Deutan was also the most common deficiency determined using the FD15 (78.95%) and FM100 (44.19 %) hue tests. Conclusion The prevalence of color-vision deficiency among male students in a public high school was 5.17% (65/1,258). The most common deficiency was the deutan type.
Color Vision Defects

PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate the characteristics and classification of congenital color vision deficiency (CVD) by the SNU computerized color test (SCCT) that was developed to sufficiently utilize the advantages of a computer. METHODS: Hardy-Rand-Rittler test (HRR test), Nagel anomaloscope and SCCT were performed on 60 eyes of 30 CVD patients and 30 normal subjects and the results were compared. RESULTS: In normal subjects, the error scores were all zero at all colors by SCCT. By SCCT protan color defectives showed a peak at hue 0 red in 7 eyes (29.2%), at hue 150 green in 3 eyes (12.5%), at hue 180 green in 18 eyes (75%), and at hue 330 red in 2 eyes (8.3%). By SCCT, deutan color defectives showed a peak at hue 0 red in 2 eyes (5.6%), at hue 150 green in 24 eyes (66.7%), at hue 180 green in 2 eyes (5.6%), and at hue 330 red in 23 eyes (63.9%). CONCLUSIONS: SCCT showed specific axes in CVD patients, with accuracy and high sensitivity to diagnosis. SCCT appears to be useful clinically as a color vision test to diagnose and classify CVD patients.
Classification* ; Color Vision Defects* ; Color Vision* ; Diagnosis ; Humans