China ; epidemiology ; Colonic Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male

Inflammation may be linked to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. However, two conflicting observational results were recently reported on the relationship between the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) and the risk of colorectal cancer. Few epidemiologic studies have examined the association between inflammatory markers and the risk of colorectal cancer. We prospectively examined the mortality and incidence risk for colon and rectal cancers among 424,419 Koreans (108,907 men and 315,512 women). The subjects were 40 to 95 years of age and from the Korean Cancer Prevention Study (KCPS) cohort. All subjects received medical examination from the National Health Insurance Corporation in 1993 and 1995. The maximum follow-up period was 10 years, and the follow-up periods began in January 1, 1994 and ended in December 31, 2003. An elevated white blood cell count (WBC) was associated with a higher mortality risk of colon cancer (highest versus lowest quartile: men, 1.55, 95% CI 1.10-2.18, p for trend = 0.0014; women, 1.51, 95% CI 1.12- 2.03, p for trend = 0.0049). Similarly, an elevated WBC was associated with a higher incidence risk of colon cancer (highest versus lowest quartile: men, 1.38, 1.09-1.76, p for trend = 0.0017; women, 1.46, 95% CI 1.20-1.78, p for trend= 0.0003). A positive linear trend was also observed in non- smokers. There was no significant association between WBC and the risk of rectal cancer. Our findings demonstrate that an elevated WBC is associated with an increase in both the mortality and incidence rates of colon cancer. These results support our hypothesis that inflammation increases the risk of colon cancer.
Smoking ; Risk Factors ; Rectal Neoplasms/epidemiology/mortality ; Prospective Studies ; Middle Aged ; Male ; *Leukocyte Count ; Humans ; Follow-Up Studies ; Female ; Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology/mortality ; Colonic Neoplasms/*epidemiology/mortality ; Cohort Studies ; Biological Markers ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aged ; Adult

Objective: To understand the distribution of cancer deaths in China in 2015 and provide reference for the prevention and control of cancer. Methods: Based on the results of Global Burden of Disease 2015, the cancer death distributions in different age groups, sex groups, provinces or by different malignant tumor in Chinese were described. Results: The age-standardized mortality rate of cancer was 159.01/100 000 in China in 2015. The mortality rate was highest in age group ≥70 years (1 102.73/100 000), and lowest in age group 5-14 years (5.40/100 000). The mortality rate in males was 2.15 times higher than that in females. The first 5 provinces with high cancer mortality rate were Anhui, Qinghai, Sichuan, Guangxi and Henan. Lung cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer ranked 1-5 in term of mortality rate. Conclusion: The cancer mortality differed with age, gender, area and different malignant tumors, suggesting the necessity to develop targeted prevention and control strategies.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Asian People/statistics & numerical data* ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China/epidemiology* ; Colonic Neoplasms/mortality* ; Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality* ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/mortality* ; Lung Neoplasms/mortality* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mortality/ethnology* ; Neoplasms/mortality* ; Residence Characteristics ; Sex Distribution ; Stomach Neoplasms/mortality* ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo understand the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer in China.

METHODSThe data from GLOBOCAN 2012, Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report 2012, Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5), the Three National Death Cause Surveys in China and WHO Mortality Database were used to learn about the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer and related trends in China.

RESULTSIt was estimated by GLOBOCAN 2012 that in 2012 the age-standardized incidence of colorectal cancer in China was 16.9 per 100 000 in males and 11.6 per 100 000 in females, and the age-standardized mortality was 9.0 per 100 000 in males and 6.1 per 100 000 in females. GLOBOCAN 2012 estimated that colorectal cancer incidence and mortality would increase with the level of human development index. China's human development level was high, suggesting that the burden of colorectal cancer would be more serious in China with the development of social economy. The data from CI5 Volume IV and GLOBOCAN 2012 indicated that the incidence of colorectal cancer began to increase obviously at age of 50 years in China. Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report 2012 showed that the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer in urban population were two times higher than those in rural population in 2009, the proportions of colon cancer among colorectal and anus cancers, which was 49.0% in males and 54.2% in females, 53.4% in urban population and 41.7% in rural population. CI5 Volumes IV-X showed that colon cancer and rectum and anus cancer incidence in Shanghai for both males and females were increasing during the period 1973-2007. The percentage change in colon cancer and rectum and anus cancer incidence between 1973-1977 and 2003-2007 increased by 138.8% and 31.1% in males, 146.7% and 49.1% in females, respectively. The data from the Three National Death Cause Surveys showed that the crude mortality of colorectal cancer increased by 77.9% form mid 1970's (1973-1975) to mid 2000's (2004-2005). WHO Mortality Database showed that average annual percentage change (AAPC) of age-standardized colorectal cancer mortality increased by 0.7% (P < 0.05) from 1987 to 2000.

CONCLUSIONMore attention should be paid to the prevention and control of colorectal cancer in urban area and in male population in China. Similar to the western countries, the burden of colorectal cancer in China would continue to become serious if no population based prevention and control programs are conducted.

Cause of Death ; China ; epidemiology ; Colonic Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Cost of Illness ; Databases, Factual ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Rural Population ; statistics & numerical data ; Urban Population ; statistics & numerical data

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and features of non-endometrial cancers in Thai endometrial cancer (EC) patients. METHODS: EC patients treated in our institution were identified and the following data were collected: age, EC stage, histopathology, adjuvant therapy, other cancers, living status, and cause of death. RESULTS: The mean age of the 344 patients was 56.8+/-10.8 years. Fifty (14.5%) had other synchronous and metachronous cancers. Mean ages of the patients with or without other cancers were not significantly different, 55.7+/-10.04 years versus 57.1+/-11.0 years, respectively (p=0.358). History of any cancer in the family and tumor in the lower uterine segment were more frequent among the patients with other cancers (6.0% vs. 1.7%, p=0.095; 12.0% vs. 1.0%, p<0.001; respectively). Six patients had > or =2 other cancers. Ovarian, breast, and colon were the three most common other cancers. After a median follow-up of 57.1 months, 18.3% of patients had died: 30.0% of patients with other cancers and 16.3% of those without other cancers. The corresponding EC deaths were 14.0% and 11.2%. The 5-year overall survival was significantly lower in patients who had other cancers: 79.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 68.3 to 90.3) vs. 86.0% (95% CI, 81.7 to 90.3) than in those without (p=0.023). However, the corresponding disease-specific survival was not significantly different: 85.1% (95% CI, 75.5 to 94.7) compared with 89.0% (95% CI, 85.1 to 92.9), respectively (p=0.514). CONCLUSION: Thai EC patients had a high incidence of other cancers. Overall survival of EC patients who had other cancers was worse than those without, while disease-specific survival was not significantly different.
Breast Neoplasms/mortality/pathology/therapy ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant/methods ; Colonic Neoplasms/mortality/pathology/therapy ; Disease-Free Survival ; Endometrial Neoplasms/mortality/*pathology/therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/mortality ; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/mortality/*pathology/therapy ; Neoplasms, Second Primary/mortality/*pathology/therapy ; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant/methods ; Tertiary Care Centers/statistics & numerical data ; Thailand/epidemiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer in China from 1998 to 2002, and to analyze its prevalence trend.

METHODSThe cancer registration data in 10 cities and counties in China during the period of 1988-1992, 1993-1997 and 1998-2002 were used to investigate the incidence, mortality, and prevalence trend of colorectal cancer from 1988 to 2002.

RESULTSThe total number of new cases of colorectal cancer in the 10 cities and counties during 1988-2002 was 62,793, accounting for 9.27% of all malignant tumors. The crude incidence rate was 20.10/10(5), and the age-standardized incidence adjusted by world population was 15.63/10(5). The total number of death of colorectal cancer in the 10 cities and counties during 1988-2002 was 35,545, accounting for 7.37% of all malignant tumors. The mortality rate was 11.38/10(5), the age-standardized mortality rate adjusted by world population was 8.70/10(5). The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer during 1988-2002 increased by 38.56% and 15.30%, respectively, and the incidence and mortality rates in urban area was higher than that in rural area, and higher in males than in females. The crude incidence rate of colon cancer was higher than that of rectal cancer, especially in urban area, but the mortality of rectal cancer was a little bit higher than that of colon cancer.

CONCLUSIONThere is an increasing trend in both the incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer from 1988-2002 in the 10 cities and counties in China. Measures should further be taken in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer in the whole population of China in future.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Cities ; Colonic Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rectal Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Rural Population ; Sex Factors ; Urban Population ; Young Adult

The proportion of cancer related mortality is 26.3% in 2004 and it is still increasing. The most common cancers are stomach cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, and cervix cancer in order of frequency. The proportion of above 6 most common cancers in mortality is 66.8%. The purpose of cancer screening is to reduce morbidity and mortality of cancers by early diagnosis and early treatment. The assessment of screening test includes validity and reliability. Four terms describe the validity of a screening tests: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values and negative predictive value. The low prevalence lower the positive predictive value. Bias in the evaluation of screening tests lies in selection bias, lead-time bias, and length bias. National cancer screening program for 5 popular cnacers except lung cancer developed since 1999. The target population of this program is lower half of low-income level.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Breast Neoplasms ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Early Detection of Cancer* ; Early Diagnosis ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Korea* ; Liver Neoplasms ; Lung Neoplasms ; Mass Screening ; Mortality ; Prevalence ; Reproducibility of Results ; Selection Bias ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

This study surveyed and measured the level and structure of cancer deaths and their trends over time for offering the fundamental data of the cancer prevention and control in Pusan city in the future. Authors conducted the study of descriptive epidemiology using materials derived from the computerized data of total 3,722 certified cancer deaths in Pusan city from January 1 to December 31, 1993 registered on the National Statistical Office, the Republic of Korea. The obtained results were as follows: 1. According to the total registered cases of deaths(16,331 cases) in Pusan city during 1993, cancer(3,722 cases) and cerebrovascular disease(2,718 cases) were the first and second cause of deaths as 23.1% and 16.9%, respectively. These pattern showed the change between cancer(14.7%) and cerebrovascular disease(18.5%) in order of frequency in comparison to 1982. Also, the total number of cancer deaths was increased in comparison to 1982. The rate of death certification by physicians was 87.1% of all registered deaths, which was increased to 6.8% in comparison to 1982(80.3%). 2. Crude death rate and cancer specific death rate was 4.06 per 1,000 populations and 93.8 per 100,000 populations(male:117.8, female:70.0), respectively. The former was similar to that of 1982, but the latter was increased to 1.6 times as that of 1982. 3. Age-adjusted cancer specific death rate by standardization with whole country population was 111.9(male:141.5, female:106.7) per 100,000 populations, higher than not age-adjusted cancer specific death rate(93.8), and the sex difference was statistically significant with male predominance(p<0.05). 4. Cancer specific death rate by age was generally increased with age and most of cancer deaths(male:91.8%, female:88.5%) occurred since 40 years old. 5. The major cancer(cancer specific death rate per 100,000 populations) in male was liver(30.6) followed by stomach(25.6), lung(21.9), and GB and EHBD(5.7), in female stomach(15.7), liver(9.9), lung(7.3), and uterus(6.9). The relative frequency of the leading three cancer among total cancer deaths marked 66.3% in male and 47.1% in female, and decreased in comparison to 1982(male:72.2%, female:54.5%). 6. The total ratio of male to female cancer specific death rate showed 1.68 to 1 with male predominance. And the ratio was above 2.0 in larynx, oral cavity & pharynx, esophagus, liver, lung, bladder cancer and the ratio was 1.0~1.9 in stomach, pancreas, gall bladder and EHBD, brain, rectum and anus cancer, leukemia, but the ratio was reversed in thyroid and colon cancer. In conclusion, cancer was the first cause of deaths. The proportion of lung cancer was increased, that of stomach & uterine cancer was decreased relatively, and liver cancer was constantly higher proportion. In the future, it is necessary to conduct the further investigations on the cancer risk factors considering areal specificity.
Adult ; Anus Neoplasms ; Brain ; Busan* ; Cause of Death ; Certification ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Epidemiology ; Esophagus ; Female ; Humans ; Larynx ; Leukemia ; Liver ; Liver Neoplasms ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Male ; Mortality ; Mouth ; Pancreas ; Pharynx ; Rectum ; Republic of Korea ; Risk Factors ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sex Characteristics ; Stomach ; Thyroid Gland ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Uterine Neoplasms

BACKGROUND: Colon cancer is one of the main causes of mortality. Early adenomatous colon polyp is a precursor of colon cancer through the ‘adenomacarcinoma sequence.’ Epidemiological studies suggest that the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio can be one of useful inflammatory markers in clinical settings. This study aimed to evaluate the association between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and development of early adenomatous colon polyps.METHODS: This cross-sectional study retrospectively examined 960 middle-aged and elderly individuals aged ≥45 years who underwent colonoscopy in a health examination program. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and development of early adenomatous colon polyps.RESULTS: Among the 960 subjects, the prevalence of early adenomatous polyps was 20.7% (n=199). The mean age, body mass index, number of current smokers, white blood cell count, triglyceride level, and number of subjects receiving hypolipidemic drugs were higher in the group with early adenomatous polyps than in the multivariate analysis, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for the development of early adenomatous polyps was 1.23 (1.01–1.50) with neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio increment after adjusting the confounding variables (P=0.037).CONCLUSION: We found that the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was associated with the development of early adenomatous colon polyps among middle-aged and elderly individuals. Accordingly, this result suggests that regular monitoring of early adenomatous colon polyps may be useful among individuals with a higher neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio.
Adenomatous Polyps ; Aged ; Body Mass Index ; Colon ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colonic Polyps ; Colonoscopy ; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; Hypolipidemic Agents ; Korea ; Leukocyte Count ; Logistic Models ; Lymphocytes ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neutrophils ; Odds Ratio ; Polyps ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Triglycerides