The preeclamptic nephropathy is characterized by swelling of endothelial cells, interposition of mesangial cells and matrix, subendothelial deposits of incompletely defined material, and thickening of the capillary walls. To determine the distribution of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in preeclamptic nephropathy, the immunohistochemical study was performed in ten renal biopsy cases using antisera to human type I, III, IV, and VI collagens, fibronectin, and laminin. In preeclamptic nephropathy, the accumulation of type IV and VI collagens, fibronectin was observed in moderate amount in the mesangium and, to some extent, in the thickened capillary walls, particularly in the subendothelial layer. In segmentally sclerotic lesions seen in six cases, the amount of type IV collagen was partly decreased, whereas those of type VI collagen and fibronectin were slightly increased. Type I collagen was expressed to a mild degree in the expanded mesangium and segmentally sclerotic lesions. The results suggest that the expression of ECM in the mesangium is increased in preeclamptic nephropathy, and the deposition of ECM components may be involved in the development and the reparative process of the characteristic glomerular lesions. The formation of sclerotic lesions may be linked to the alternative accumulation of ECM components.
Biopsy ; Capillaries ; Collagen ; Collagen Type I ; Collagen Type IV ; Collagen Type VI ; Endothelial Cells ; Extracellular Matrix* ; Fibronectins ; Humans ; Immune Sera ; Laminin ; Mesangial Cells

Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD) is characterized by congenital weakness, proximal joint contractures, and hyperlaxity of distal joints. UCMD is basically due to a defect in extra cellular matrix protein, collagen type VI. A 37-year-old woman who cannot walk independently visited our outpatient clinic. She had orthopedic deformities (scoliosis, joint contractures, and distal joint hyperlaxity), difficulty of respiration, and many skin keloids. Her hip computed tomography showed diffuse fatty infiltration and the 'central shadow' sign in thigh muscles. From the clinical information suggesting collagen type VI related muscle disorder, UCMD was highly considered. COL6A1 gene sequencing confirmed this patient as UCMD with novel c.904G>A (p.Gly302Arg) variant. If musculoskeletal and dermatologic manifestations and radiologic findings imply abnormalities in collagen type VI network, COL6A related congenital muscular dystrophy was to be suspected.
Adult ; Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Collagen Type VI ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Contracture ; Female ; Hip ; Humans ; Joints ; Keloid ; Muscles ; Muscular Diseases ; Muscular Dystrophies* ; Orthopedics ; Respiration ; Skin ; Thigh

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to determine the phenotypic characterization of ligamentum flavum cells from patients with ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ligamentum flavum tissues were harvested from OLF and non-OLF patients during surgery. OLF and non-OLF cells were isolated from explant cultures. Cultured cells were analyzed using immunofluorescence staining and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: OLF cells exhibited various appearances compared with the typical fibroblast-like morphology of non-OLF cells. Expressions of collagen type I and collagen type III were observed in OLF and non-OLF cells. OLF cells uniquely expressed osteocalcin, which is a marker for osteoblasts, and collagen type II which is a marker for chondrocytes, whereas they were negative in non-OLF cells. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that OLF cells have phenotypic characterization of osteoblasts and chondrocytes which could play a role in the pathophysiology of OLF.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Cells, Cultured ; Collagen Type I/genetics/metabolism ; Collagen Type II/genetics/metabolism ; Collagen Type VI/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Ligamentum Flavum/metabolism/*pathology ; Male ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Middle Aged ; Ossification, Heterotopic/metabolism/*pathology ; Osteocalcin/genetics/metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND: Trichophyton rubrum is the most common dermatophyte isolated from human and has ability to invade the tissues such as stratum comeum, nail and hair. The potential role of proteinases as virulence factors of F rMSrMm has been discussed at length. OBJECTIVE: As a first step towards assessing its virulence role, we report on the purification and characterization of proteinase from T. rubrum isolate culture filtrates. METHODS: An extracellular serine proteinase has been purified from culture filtrates of Trichophyton rubrum HP-9 by ultrafiltration, gel filtration chromatography, and affinity column chromatography. Azocoll and keratin azure were employed as the substrates of enzyme activities. Peak of proteolytic activity was analyzed by gelatin co-polymerized gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was approximately exhibited to 14.0 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The optimum pH and molality of 14.0 kDa proteinase activity was 6.0 and 100mM, respectively. The activity was inhibited by serine proteinase inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). The proteinase degraded gelatin, collagen type VI, and keratin from human epidermis but not hemoglobin. CONCLUSION: The 14,000 Mr extracellular serine proteinase purified from T. rubrum NP-9 culture filtrates has neutral pH optimum 6.0 and activities against gelatin, collagen type VI, and keratin.
Arthrodermataceae ; Chromatography ; Chromatography, Gel ; Collagen Type VI ; Electrophoresis ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Epidermis ; Gelatin ; Hair ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Molecular Weight ; Peptide Hydrolases ; Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride ; Serine Proteases ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate ; Trichophyton* ; Ultrafiltration ; Virulence ; Virulence Factors

A 64-year-old woman was diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer. Her disease was stage 4 (T2N2M1) with squamous cell carcinoma. She had been treated with docetaxel and carboplatin. After a completion of 11 cycle of chemotherapy, edema appeared on both feet and had spread rapidly up to the pretibial area without response to diuretics. Sclerotic changes and pigmentation followed but both knees and other parts of the body were spared. There was no evidence of vascular occlusions. On serologic tests, antinuclear, anti-centromere, and anti-topoisomerase I antibodies were all negative. A skin biopsy revealed diffuse infiltration of lymphocytes and discretely thickened collagen bundles in the superficial dermis. After discontinuing docetaxel chemotherapy, she was treated with prednisolone and D-penicillamine and sclerotic changes on the lower legs were improved.
Antibodies ; Biopsy ; Carboplatin ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Collagen ; Dermis ; Diuretics ; Edema ; Female ; Foot ; Glycogen Storage Disease Type VI ; Humans ; Knee ; Leg ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lymphocytes ; Penicillamine ; Pigmentation ; Prednisolone ; Sclerosis ; Serologic Tests ; Skin ; Taxoids

OBJECTIVETo determine the molecular etiology for a muscular dystrophy pedigree with target region sequencing platform using hereditary myopathy capture array.

METHODSSpecific gene testing was performed based on the clinical diagnosis. Since no pathogenic mutation was found, target region sequencing with hereditary myopathy capture array combined with Sanger sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were employed in turn. PolyPhen and NCBI were used to evaluate the pathogenicity of identified mutation and conservation of the gene.

RESULTSTarget region sequencing indicated the proband has carried a heterozygous c.3353 A>C mutation of COL6A3 gene, which was confirmed by Sanger-sequencing in 4 affected individuals from the family. The same mutation was not detected in healthy members of the pedigree. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that the mutation has caused a highly pathogenic amino acid substitution from Histidine to Proline. The affected patients featured normal intelligence with mild myogenic damage by muscle biopsy, slightly increased serum creatine kinase and slow disease progression, which was consistent with Bethlem myopathy.

CONCLUSIONTarget region sequencing is an effective and efficient method for genetic testing. The heterozygous c.3353A>C mutation in exon 8 of the COL6A3 gene probably underlies the Bethlem myopathy with autosomal dominant inheritance.

Adult ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Base Sequence ; Collagen Type VI ; genetics ; Contracture ; genetics ; Exons ; Female ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscular Dystrophies ; congenital ; genetics ; Mutation, Missense ; Pedigree ; Young Adult

BACKGROUNDCollagen VI-related myopathies are autosomal dominant and recessive hereditary myopathies, mainly including Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD) and Bethlem myopathy (BM). Muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been widely used to diagnosis muscular disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of thigh muscles MRI for collagen VI-related myopathies.

METHODSEleven patients with collagen VI gene mutation-related myopathies were enrolled in this study. MRI of the thigh muscles was performed in all patients with collagen VI gene mutation-related myopathies and in 361 patients with other neuromuscular disorders (disease controls). T1-weighted images were used to assess fatty infiltration of the muscles using a modified Mercuri's scale. We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of the MRI features of collagen VI-related myopathies. The relationship between fatty infiltration of muscles and specific collagen VI gene mutations was also investigated.

RESULTSEleven patients with collagen VI gene mutation-related myopathies included six UCMD patients and five BM patients. There was no significant difference between UCMD and BM patients in the fatty infiltration of each thigh muscle except sartorius (P = 0.033); therefore, we combined the UCMD and BM data. Mean fatty infiltration scores were 3.1 and 3.0 in adductor magnus and gluteus maximus, while the scores were 1.3, 1.3, and 1.5 in gracilis, adductor longus, and sartorius, respectively. A "target" sign in rectus femoris (RF) was present in seven cases, and a "sandwich" sign in vastus lateralis (VL) was present in ten cases. The "target" and "sandwich" signs had sensitivities of 63.6% and 90.9% and specificities of 97.3% and 96.9% for the diagnosis of collagen VI-related myopathies, respectively. Fatty infiltration scores were 2.0-3.0 in seven patients with mutations in the triple-helical domain, and 1.0-1.5 in three of four patients with mutations in the N- or C-domain of the collagen VI genes.

CONCLUSIONSThe "target" sign in RF and "sandwich" sign in VL are common MRI features and are useful for the diagnosis of collagen VI-related myopathies. The severity of fatty infiltration of muscles may have a relationship with the mutation location of collagen VI gene.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Collagen Type VI ; genetics ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal ; pathology ; Muscular Diseases ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Mutation ; genetics ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Thigh ; pathology ; Young Adult