Inflammatory bowel disease is a recurrent chronic intestinal inflammatory disease with unknown etiology and no effective treatment. Phosphodiesterase (PDE) regulates a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes by mediating the hydrolysis of intracellular second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate. In recent years, a series of researches suggest that PDE inhibitors such as several PDE4 inhibitors, PDE5 inhibitors (sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil), PDE3 inhibitors (cilostazol), PDE9 inhibitor (PF-04447943) and PDE3/PDE4 double inhibitor (pumafentrine) have ameliorating effect on experimental colitis in animals. In clinical trials, PDE4 inhibitor apremilast showed more therapeutic advantage than tetomilast. This article reviews the recent research progress of PDE inhibitors in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Animals ; Colitis ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy* ; Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most lethal cancer and leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. A key driver of CRC development is colon inflammatory responses especially in patients with inflammatory bowl disease (IBD). It has been proved that Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-tumor effects. The chemopreventive and immunomodulatory functions of PNS on colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) have not been evaluated.This present study was designed to study the potential protective effects of PNS on AOM/DSS-induced CAC mice to explore the possible mechanism of PNS against CAC. Our study showed that PNS significantly alleviated colitis severity and prevented the occurrence of CAC. Functional assays revealed that PNS relieved immunosuppression of Treg cells in the CAC microenvironment by inhibiting the expression of IDO1 mediated directly by signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) rather than phosphorylated STAT1. Ultimately, Rh1, one of the PNS metabolites, exhibited the best inhibitory effect on IDO1 enzyme activity. Our study showed that PNS exerted significant chemopreventive function and immunomodulatory properties on CAC. It could reduce macrophages accumulation and Treg cells differentiation to reshape the immune microenvironment of CAC. These findings provided a promising approach for CAC intervention.
Animals ; Colitis/drug therapy* ; Colitis-Associated Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Humans ; Macrophages ; Mice ; Panax notoginseng ; Saponins/therapeutic use* ; Tumor Microenvironment

Tuberculous colitis, an important extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, is still prevalent in the developing countries and has been resurging in the Western world. The duration and dose of anti-tuberculous therapy have not yet been clarified in the tuberculous colitis. We experienced a case of tuberculous colitis, which relapsed after 9 months of therapy. A 28-year-old man presented with hematochezia and was diagnosed as tuberculous colitis on the basis of colonoscopic findings. He was treated with anti-tuberculous agents for 9 months successfully. Three months later, however, he complained of hematochezia again, suggesting the relapse of tuberculous colitis. He had taken anti-tuberculous therapy for another 15 months and showed no evidence of relapse. Although anti-tuberculous therapy is efficient for tuberculous colitis, rare cases of reactivation should be reminded.
Adult ; Colitis/*drug therapy/microbiology ; English Abstract ; Humans ; Male ; Recurrence ; Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal/*drug therapy

Shenling Baizhu San is a classic prescription for replenishing Qi to invigorate the spleen and dispelling dampness to check diarrhea, which mainly treats the syndrome of spleen deficiency and heavy dampness. With the pharmacological effects of regulating immune system, improving lung function and gastrointestinal function, and resisting oxygen, tumor, and inflammation, Shenling Baizhu San is commonly used in modern clinical practice to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, bronchial asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, chronic diarrhea, and diabetic, etc. This paper summarized the chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, and clinical application of Shenling Baizhu San in recent years, and predictively analyzed the quality markers of Shenling Baizhu San according to the "five principles" of Q-marker. The Q-markers of Shenling Baizhu San involved ginsenoside Rg_1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rb_1, pachymic acid, dehydrotumulosic acid, batatasin Ⅰ, batatasin Ⅲ, diosgenin, liensinine, neferine, luteolin, quercetin, glycerol trioleate, β-sitosterol, platycodin D, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritin, pipecolinic acid, atractylenolide Ⅰ, atractylenolide Ⅲ, and bornyl acetate, which provided references for the quality control and follow-up research of Shenling Baizhu San.
Humans ; Ginsenosides/therapeutic use* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy* ; Diarrhea/drug therapy*

Colitis, Ulcerative ; complications ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Psoriasis ; complications ; drug therapy ; Pyoderma Gangrenosum ; drug therapy ; etiology

Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory disorder of the gut, including Crohn's disease(CD) and ulcerative colitis(UC). The occurrence and development of IBD involves multiple pathogenic factors, and the dybiosis of gut flora is recognized as an important pathogenic mechanism of IBD. Therefore, restoring and maintaining the balance of gut flora including bacteria and fungi has become an effective option for IBD treatment. Based on the theoretical basis of the interaction between gut flora and IBD, this paper followed the principle of clinical syndrome differentiation for IBD therapy by traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), and summarized several Chinese medicinal formulae commonly used in IBD patients with large intestine damp-heat syndrome, intermingled heat and cold syndrome, spleen deficiency and dampness accumulation syndrome, spleen and kidney yang deficiency syndrome, liver stagnation and spleen deficiency syndrome, and severe heat poisoning syndrome. The therapeutic and regulatory effects of Shaoyao Decoction, Qingchang Suppository, Wumei Pills, Banxia Xiexin Decoction, Shenling Baizhu Powder, Lizhong Decoction, Sishen Pills, Tongxie Yaofang, Baitouweng Decoction, Gegen Qinlian Decoction, and Houttuyniae Herba prescriptions on gut flora of IBD patients were emphasized as well as the mechanisms. This study found that Chinese medicinal formulae increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, and other beneficial bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids, and reduced the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and other harmful bacteria to restore the balance of gut flora, thus treating IBD. Confronting the recalcitrance and high recurrence of IBD, Chinese medicinal formulae provide new opportunities for IBD treatment through intervening dysbiosis of gut flora.
Humans ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy* ; Dysbiosis/drug therapy* ; Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy* ; Bacteria/genetics* ; Homeostasis ; China

Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Colitis-Associated Neoplasms ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/adverse effects* ; Colitis/chemically induced* ; Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy*

No abstract available.
Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use ; Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy ; *Cytomegalovirus ; Cytomegalovirus Infections/*drug therapy ; Ganciclovir/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; *Virus Activation

No abstract available.
Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use ; Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy ; *Cytomegalovirus ; Cytomegalovirus Infections/*drug therapy ; Ganciclovir/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; *Virus Activation

Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; therapeutic use ; Colitis, Ulcerative ; drug therapy ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Integrative Medicine