OBJECTIVETo investigate serum adiponectin level in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its correlation with the patients' cognitive function.

METHODSThis case-control study was conducted in 90 patients with a highly probable diagnosis ofAD, who were divided into mild, moderate and severe group saccording to the MMSE score. Ninety healthy subjects matched for age and gender with the AD patients were selected as the control group. The serum levels ofadiponectin in the participants were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTSSerum adiponectin level was significantly lower in the AD group than in the control group (P<0.05). Of the 3 subgroups of the AD patients, the moderate and severe AD groups showed significantly lower serum adiponectin level sthan the control group (P<0.05), but the difference in adiponectin levels was not significant between the mild AD group and the control group (P>0.05); serum adiponectin levels also differed significantly among the 3 subgroups of AD patients (P<0.05). Serum adiponectin level was positively correlated with the MMSE score in the AD patients (r=0.683, P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONSerum adiponectin levels are reduced in AD patients and associated with the degree of cognitive impairment.

Adiponectin ; blood ; Alzheimer Disease ; blood ; Case-Control Studies ; Cognition ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; blood ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans

Objective: To analyze the association of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the Chinese middle-aged and elderly population from four provinces. Methods: Data were drawn from the baseline data of the Community-based Cohort Study on Nervous System Disease 2018-2019. We selected 3 272 subjects aged 55 and above with completed information on demographics, lifestyle, disease history, cognitive test, psychological assessment, and bio-chemistries measurement, and who were capable of performing basic activities of daily living but without Alzheimer's disease during recruitment. A multivariate logistic regression model was employed to analyze the association between FPG and MCI. Results: Median level of FPG in the study population was 5.5 mmol/L. The prevalence of MCI was 24.8%, and those in groups of the FPG quintile were 19.4%, 22.2%, 29.2%, 26.6%, and 26.1%, respectively, which significantly increased the trend (P=0.002). After adjustment of confounders, multivariate logistic regression analysis found that the MCI risk of subjects in the Q₃,Q₄ and Q₅ groups was 1.641 (95%CI: 1.226-2.131), 1.373 (95%CI: 1.036-1.825), 1.402 (95%CI: 1.054-1.871) times as high as that in the Q₁ group, respectively. Conclusion: High FPG level might serve as a risk factor for MCI in the middle-aged and elderly population, suggesting the importance of monitoring and controlling plasma glucose even without diabetes.
Middle Aged ; Humans ; Aged ; Fasting ; Blood Glucose ; Activities of Daily Living ; Cohort Studies ; Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology* ; China/epidemiology*

Objective To investigate the changes of serum melatonin(MLT)and glutathione(GSH)levels in patients with Parkinson's disease(PD)and explore their relationships with disease severity,cognitive dysfunction,and sleep disorders. Methods Totally 50 PD patients treated in our center from September 2017 to February 2018 were enrolled as the PD group,and 50 healthy controls matched with age and sex as the control group.The improved Hoehn and Yahr scale was used to assess the severity of PD.The Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale was used to assess the cognitive function and Pittsburgh's Sleep Quality Index was used to detect the patient's sleep.The serum levels of MLT and GSH were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the results were compared. Results Serum MLT level in the PD group was significantly higher than that in the control group [(84.12±6.58)pg/ml vs.(46.29±9.73)pg/ml,P=0.000],and serum GSH level was significantly lower than that in the control group [(21.07±12.05)μmol/L vs.(77.73±39.90)μmol/L,P=0.000].There was a positive correlation between serum MLT level and H-Y grade(r=0.537,P=0.000),and there was a negative correlation between serum GSH level and H-Y grade(r=-0.596,P=0.000).Serum MLT was negatively correlated with GSH level in PD patients(r=-0.842,P=0.000).The MLT level in PD patients with sleep disorders was significantly higher than in those without sleep disorders [(85.79±6.45)pg/ml vs.(78.84±3.54)pg/ml,P=0.001];the level of GSH in PD patients with cognitive dysfunction was significant lower than in the non-cognitive dysfunction group [(17.47±10.67)μmol/L vs.(26.09±12.23)μmol/L,P=0.011]. Conclusions Serum MLT level increases and GSH level decreases in PD patients.Both MLT and GSH are correlated with PD severity,and there is a negative correlation between MLT and GSH.In addition,PD patients with sleep disorders have higher MLT level and those with cognitive impairment tend to have lower GSH level.
Case-Control Studies ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; complications ; Glutathione ; blood ; Humans ; Melatonin ; blood ; Oxidative Stress ; Parkinson Disease ; blood ; complications ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; complications

Objective: To study the association between blood pressure related dietary pattern and cognitive impairment in the elderly. Methods: In 2015, all participants who were aged ≥60 and participated in the Nutrition and Chronic disease family cohort were involved in the study. Information on demographic variables, lifestyle and health status was collected. Cognitive performance was assessed by the Mini Mental State Evaluation (MMSE) scale. Blood pressure, height and weight were measured by trained medical personnel and fasting venous blood samples were collected for testing on serum level of triglycerides and total cholesterol. Both SBP and DBP were used as response variables when dietary patterns were identified by reduced rank regression method. Logistic regression models were fit to explore the associations of scores on blood pressure-related dietary pattern and cognitive impairment. Results: Two blood related dietary patterns were identified. The first one was characterized by high consumption of vegetables and less meat, eggs and dessert (Pattern 1), while the second one was with high consumption of meat, soy products, wine and fried foods and less intake of dairy (Pattern 2). Data showed that the Pattern 1 was associated with the risk of cognitive impairment. Comparing with the lowest quartile of score of this dietary pattern, the risk of cognitive impairment in the highest quartile group showed a significant (P<0.01) increase, with OR=1.94 (1.21-3.11) and showing significant (P=0.002) linear trend. However, no significant association was observed (P>0.05) with cognitive impairment in the second dietary pattern. Conclusion: Blood pressure-related dietary pattern was positively associated with cognitive impairment.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Asian People ; Blood Pressure/physiology* ; Body Weight ; Cognitive Aging ; Cognitive Dysfunction/blood* ; Cohort Studies ; Diet ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Meat ; Middle Aged ; Nutritional Status ; Red Meat ; Risk Factors ; Seafood ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vegetables

OBJECTIVE: MicroRNAs (miRs) are attractive molecules to be considered as one of the blood-based biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The goal of this study was to explore their potential value as biomarkers for the diagnosis of AD. METHODS: The expression levels of exosomal miR-135a, -193b, and -384 in the serum from mild cognitive impairment (MCI), dementia of Alzheimer-type (DAT), Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD), and vascular dementia (VaD) patients were measured with a real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) method. RESULTS: Both serum exosome miR-135a and miR-384 were up-regulated while miR-193b was down-regulated in serum of AD patients compared with that of normal controls. Exosome miR-384 was the best among the three miRs to discriminate AD, VaD, and PDD. Using the cut-off value could better interpret these laboratory test results than reference intervals in the AD diagnosis. ROC curve showed that the combination of miR-135a, -193b, and -384 was proved to be better than a particular one for early AD diagnosis. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that the exosomal miRs in the serum were not only potential biomarker of AD early diagnosis, but might also provide novel insights into the screen and prevention of the disease.
Aged ; Alzheimer Disease ; blood ; Biomarkers ; blood ; Case-Control Studies ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; blood ; Dementia, Vascular ; blood ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Early Diagnosis ; Exosomes ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; MicroRNAs ; blood ; Parkinson Disease ; blood ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on the changes of behavior after ketamine anesthesia, and changes of serum antibodies against beta-amyloid (Abeta) and Abeta protein in the hippocampus of aged rats, thus exploring the effects of EA on the cognitive dysfunction.

METHODSThirty 14-month old SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, i. e. , the control group (Group A), the ketamine anesthesia group (Group B), and the EA+ketamine anesthesia group (Group C), 10 in each group. 50 mg/kg katemine was intraperitoneally injected to rats in Group B and Group C, once daily for 7 successive days. EA was performed to rats in Group C from the 1st day of the experiment after rats awoke completely from anesthesia, twice daily for 7 successive days. Changes of the ratio of the swim time in the original platform quadrant to the total swim time and the escape latency phase were observed by Morris water maze. The peripheral blood was withdrawn by the end of the experiment. Serum anti-Abeta antibody contents were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expressions of Abeta in the hippocampus were detected using Westen blot.

RESULTSLong-term application of ketamine could lower aged rats' cognitive function. In the navigation test, the escape latency phase of rats in Group B was significantly prolonged ( P < 0.01) . On the 7th day of the experiment, the serum level of anti-Abeta antibodies was lower in Group B than in Group A (P < 0.05), while the serum level of anti-Abeta antibodies was significantly higher in Group C than in Group B (P < 0.01). On the 7th day of the experiment, the expression of Abeta in the hippocampus was higher in Group B than in Group A (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONEA could increase the contents of anti-Abeta antibodies in aged rats with ketamine anesthesia, decrease the expression of Abeta in the hippocampus, alleviate the deposition of Abeta, thus improving rats' cognitive dysfunction.

Amyloid beta-Peptides ; immunology ; Anesthesia ; adverse effects ; Animals ; Antibodies ; blood ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; therapy ; Electroacupuncture ; Female ; Hippocampus ; metabolism ; Ketamine ; adverse effects ; Male ; Maze Learning ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia is believed to be a risk factor for cognitive decline, but the longitudinal relationship between hyperglycemia and cognitive decline in the Japanese population is unclear. The present study aimed to clarify the association between blood glucose levels and information processing ability in middle-aged and older adults. METHODS: The subjects were 866 men and 815 women aged 40-79 years not taking medication for diabetes who participated in the first study wave (1997-2000) and then participated at least once in the subsequent six study waves (2000-2012) of the National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging, Japan. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were categorized into four groups (< 5.6, 5.6 to < 6.0, 6.0 to < 6.5, ≥ 6.5%), and a mixed-effects model was used to evaluate the effects of the HbA1c level (four groups) on repeated measures of information processing speed. The models also included baseline age, body mass index, ethanol intake, smoking status, educational level, family income, and history of stroke, hypertension, heart disease, and dyslipidemia as covariates. RESULTS: Mean (standard deviation) HbA1c and follow-up time in participants were 5.2 (0.5) % and 10.0 (3.6) years, respectively. A linear mixed model showed that the main effect of the four HbA1c groups on information processing ability was not significant in either men or women, but the interaction of HbA1c and time with information processing speed in the higher HbA1c level groups (≥ 6.5% group in men, 6.0 to < 6.5% and ≥ 6.5% groups in women) was significant compared to the lower HbA1c level (< 5.6%) group (P < 0.05). When the slope of information processing speed by HbA1c level at baseline was examined, the slope of information processing speed in the higher HbA1c level (≥ 6.5%) group was higher than in the lower HbA1c level (< 5.6%) group, both in men (- 0.31/year) and in women (- 0.30/year), as well as in women with an HbA1c level of 6.0 to < 6.5% (- 0.40/year). CONCLUSIONS Higher baseline HbA1c was associated with greater subsequent decline in information processing ability in Japanese community dwellers, even with the pre-clinical HbA1c level (6.0 to < 6.5%) in women. The results suggest that good glycemic control or prevention of hyperglycemia may contribute to maintaining information processing ability.
Adult ; Aged ; Cognition ; physiology ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; blood ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Female ; Glycated Hemoglobin A ; analysis ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; blood ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Independent Living ; statistics & numerical data ; Japan ; epidemiology ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors

Objective: In the present study, the ABCA1 was used as a label to capture specific exosomes, the level of ABCA1-labeled exosomal microRNA-135a (miR-135a) was evaluated for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), especially in patients with early stages of AD. Methods: This is a preliminary research focused on the levels of ABCA1 in WBCs, RBCs, HT-22 cells, and neuron cells. The diagnostic value of ABCA1-labeled exosomal miR-135a was examined using the CSF and serum of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice, and 152 patients with SCD, 131 patients with MCI, 198 patients with DAT, and 30 control subjects. Results: The level of ABCA1 exosomes harvested from HT-22 cells and neuron culture medium was significantly higher compared to that of RBCs and WBCs ( Conclusion This study outlines a method to capture specific exosomes and detect them using immunological methods, which is more efficient for early diagnosis of AD.
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/cerebrospinal fluid* ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/cerebrospinal fluid* ; Animals ; Biomarkers/cerebrospinal fluid* ; Cell Line ; Cognitive Dysfunction/cerebrospinal fluid* ; Erythrocytes/metabolism* ; Exosomes ; Female ; Humans ; Leukocytes/metabolism* ; Male ; Mice, Transgenic ; MicroRNAs/blood* ; Neurons/metabolism*

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis* ; Animals ; Biomarkers/blood* ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins/blood* ; Mental Status and Dementia Tests ; Mice ; Middle Aged ; Models, Animal ; Morris Water Maze Test ; Parkinson Disease/diagnosis* ; ROC Curve ; Receptors, Immunologic/blood* ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVETo assess the association of vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) Apa I, Bsm I genotypes and allele frequencies and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among elderly ethnic Uygurs from Xinjiang, China.

METHODSThe polymorphisms of the VDR genotypes (Apa I and Bsm I) were analyzed by the SNaPshot method in 124 MCI patients and 124 controls.

RESULTSFactors which can increase the risk for MCI have included the A allele of the Apa I polymorphism [OR=1.62, 95%CI(1.13-2.31)] and the AA genotype [OR=3.49, 95% CI(1.57-7.74)], the T allele of the Bsm I polymorphism [OR=1.94, 95%CI(1.24-3.05)], higher triglyceride and systolic blood pressure levels.

CONCLUSIONPolymorphisms of the VDR gene including the A allele and AA genotype of Apa I, and the T allele of Bsm I are probably associated with MCI among elderly ethnic Uygurs, and so are higher levels of triglyceride and systolic blood pressure.

Aged ; Alleles ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Binding Sites ; genetics ; Blood Pressure ; China ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; ethnology ; genetics ; psychology ; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific ; metabolism ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Ethnic Groups ; genetics ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; ethnology ; genetics ; Genotype ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Receptors, Calcitriol ; genetics ; Triglycerides ; blood