Objective: To quantitatively evaluate the association between mild cognitive impairment and all-cause mortality. Methods: The research papers of the association between cognitive impairment and all-cause mortality in the elderly in the databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Wang Fang data and CNKI published as of August 1, 2021 were comprehensively retrieved. Software R 4.02 was used for Meta-analysis. Results: A total of 9 research papers were included, involving 48 709 patients. The quality of included papers was high. The results of Meta-analysis showed that the association between mild cognitive impairment and the increased risk of all-cause mortality was statistically significant. Compared with the normal cognitive population, the risk of mortality in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment increased by 39% (HR=1.39, 95%CI: 1.18-1.63). Conclusions: The current research evidence showed that mild cognitive impairment assessed by MMSE screening scale can be used as an independent predictor of the increased risk of all-cause mortality in the elderly population in China. However, due to the limitation of the number of included studies and sample size, the conclusions need to be supported by more evidence studies.
Aged ; China/epidemiology* ; Cognition ; Cognition Disorders ; Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Mass Screening

Objective: To explore cognitive trajectory and its association with depression tendency in the elderly in rural area in China. Methods: Based on the data of the rural elderly aged ≥65 years in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) from 2011 to 2018, unconditional and conditional latent variable growth curve models were constructed to analyze the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score trajectory and its association with depression tendency in the elderly. Results: A total of 1 788 elderly persons were included, and 19.1% of them had a depression tendency. The average MMSE score of those with and without a depression tendency at baseline survey were 26.62±3.54 and 27.59±3.17 respectively. The rate of MMSE score decline was 0.52 points (P<0.05). Before and after controlling covariates, the initial score was 0.84 points lower (P<0.05) and 0.81 points lower (P<0.05) in those with depressive tendency than in those without depressive tendency respectively, furthermore, the decline rate of MMSE score was 0.33 points lower (P<0.05) and 0.40 points lower (P<0.05) in those with depressive tendency than in those without respectively. Conclusions: The depression tendency in the elderly in rural area in China was associated with the cognitive function change trajectory, with those with depression tendency had lower-level trajectory. Attention should be paid to the mental health of the elderly in rural area to prevent dementia and slow its development.
Aged ; China/epidemiology* ; Cognition ; Cognition Disorders ; Depression/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies

Cognition Disorders ; chemically induced ; Humans ; Manganese ; toxicity ; Manganese Poisoning ; epidemiology

Psychophysiological and functional neuroimaging studies have frequently and consistently shown that emotional information can be processed outside of the conscious awareness. Non-conscious processing comprises automatic, uncontrolled, and fast processing that occurs without subjective awareness. However, how such non-conscious emotional processing occurs in patients with various psychiatric disorders requires further examination. In this article, we reviewed and discussed previous studies on the non-conscious emotional processing in patients diagnosed with anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression, to further understand how non-conscious emotional processing varies across these psychiatric disorders. Although the symptom profile of each disorder does not often overlap with one another, these patients commonly show abnormal emotional processing based on the pathology of their mood and cognitive function. This indicates that the observed abnormalities of emotional processing in certain social interactions may derive from a biased mood or cognition process that precedes consciously controlled and voluntary processes. Since preconscious forms of emotional processing appear to have a major effect on behaviour and cognition in patients with these disorders, further investigation is required to understand these processes and their impact on patient pathology.
Anxiety Disorders ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Bipolar Disorder ; Cognition ; Depression ; Functional Neuroimaging ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Pathology ; Psychopathology* ; Schizophrenia

INTRODUCTIONTo assess the association between sensory and cognitive function, and the potential influence of visual function on cognitive function assessment, in a sample of clients accessing aged care services.

MATERIALS AND METHODSWe recruited 260 non-institutionalised, frail, older individuals who sought aged care services. Visual acuity was assessed using a LogMAR chart and hearing function was measured using a portable pure-tone air conduction audiometer. Visual impairment was defined as visual acuity (VA) <6/12 (<39 letters read correctly in the better eye), moderate-to-severe hearing impairment as hearing thresholds >40 decibels (better ear) and cognitive impairment as Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score <24.

RESULTSVision and hearing assessments were randomly performed in 168 and 164 aged care clients, respectively. Visual acuity correlated weakly with MMSE scores, either including (r = 0.27, P <0.001) or excluding (r = 0.21, P = 0.006) vision-related MMSE items. After partialling out the effect of age, the association remained (r = 0.23, P = 0.013 including, or r = 0.18, P = 0.044 excluding vision-related items). No correlation was found between MMSE scores and hearing thresholds (r = -0.07, P = 0.375). After adjusting for age, sex and stroke, mean MMSE scores were lower in persons with visual impairment than those with normal vision (25.2 + 0.5 versus 26.8 + 0.4 including, or 18.2 + 0.5 versus 19.2 + 0.3 excluding vision-related items), but were similar between subjects with none or mild and those with moderate-to-severe hearing loss (26.3 + 0.4 versus 26.0 + 0.4).

CONCLUSIONSIn this study sample, visual and cognitive functions were modestly associated, after excluding the influence of visual impairment on the MMSE assessment and adjusting for age. Hearing thresholds were not found to be associated with cognitive function.

Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Australia ; epidemiology ; Cognition ; Cognition Disorders ; complications ; epidemiology ; Female ; Frail Elderly ; Geriatric Assessment ; Health Services for the Aged ; utilization ; Hearing Loss ; complications ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Pilot Projects ; Risk Assessment ; Sensation ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vision Disorders ; complications ; epidemiology

This study reports the overall prevalence of cognitive impairment and other mental dysfunctions. In Kangwha County, Korea, noninstitutionalized persons aged 65 and older, selected by a stratified two-stage cluster sampling, were interviewed by trained lay interviewers using the Korean version of Older Americans Resources and Services (K-OARS) and Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE). Overall, 17% of the population had mild cognitive impairment and 3% had severe cognitive impairment. Self-reports, self-ratings and interviewer ratings of various mental problems and symptoms included in the questionnaire were investigated as variables. Differences in the prevalence rate of various mental problems and symptoms according to a set of demographic variables were examined.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cognition Disorders/epidemiology ; Female ; Human ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male ; Mental Disorders/*epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Rural Population ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

This study reports the overall prevalence of cognitive impairment and other mental dysfunctions. In Kangwha County, Korea, noninstitutionalized persons aged 65 and older, selected by a stratified two-stage cluster sampling, were interviewed by trained lay interviewers using the Korean version of Older Americans Resources and Services (K-OARS) and Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE). Overall, 17% of the population had mild cognitive impairment and 3% had severe cognitive impairment. Self-reports, self-ratings and interviewer ratings of various mental problems and symptoms included in the questionnaire were investigated as variables. Differences in the prevalence rate of various mental problems and symptoms according to a set of demographic variables were examined.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cognition Disorders/epidemiology ; Female ; Human ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male ; Mental Disorders/*epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Rural Population ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

This study examined the incidence, neuropsychological characteristics and risk factors of cognitive impairment 3 months after stroke in China. Five regions that differed in geography and economy in China were selected. Patients from the hospitals located in the five regions were prescreened at admission, and the demographic data, vascular risk factors and clinical characteristics of stroke were obtained. A battery of cognitive-specific domain tests was performed in the patients who failed to pass cognitive screening 3 months post stroke. Patients were diagnosed as having post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) or no cognitive impairment (NCI) based on the results of the neuropsychological tests. Univariate analysis was performed for suspect risk factors, and significant variables were entered in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Our results showed that a total of 633 patients were recruited 3 months after stroke; complete cognitive tests were performed in 577 of the stroke patients. The incidence of PSCI in these Chinese patients was 30.7%. There were 129 (22.4%) patients with visuospatial impairment, 67 (11.6%) with executive impairment, 60 (10.4%) with memory impairment and 18 (3.1%) with attention impairment. The risk factors associated with PSCI were older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-2.58), low education level (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.65-3.64), depressive symptom (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.09-2.61), obesity (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.41-4.71), stroke severity 3 months post stroke (OR 1.62, 95%CI 1.10-2.37) and cortex lesion (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.04-2.31). It was concluded that PSCI occurs commonly 3 months after first-ever stroke in Chinese patients. Visuospatial ability may be the most frequently impaired cognitive domain for the patients with stroke. The critical risk factors of PSCI are older age, low education level, depressive symptom, obesity, stroke severity 3 months post stroke and cortex lesion.
China ; epidemiology ; Cognition Disorders ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Stroke ; complications

OBJECTIVETo analyze the correlation between olfactory bulb (OB) volume, depth of olfactory sulcus (OS) and olfactory function in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

METHODSFifty patients with MCI were compared with fifty controls in terms of olfactory function T&T testing, OB volume and depth of OS assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). SPSS 13.0 software was used to analyze the data.

RESULTST&T olfactory testing revealed that MCI patients had higher scores than controls (t = 3.142, P < 0.05). Both men and women with MCI were affected by the same extent of olfactory loss(t = 0.973, P > 0.05). Both men and women as controls were affected by the same extent of olfactory loss (t = 1.092, P > 0.05).OB volume of left side in MCI patients was (36.35 ± 4.09) mm(3), right side was (36.57 ± 4.13) mm(3), average OB volume was (36.47 ± 4.12) mm3; OB volume of left side in controls was (46.65 ± 6.23) mm(3), right side was (46.83 ± 6.27) mm(3), average OB volume was (46.71 ± 6.25)mm(3); OB volumes were lower in MCI patients as compared with controls (t value was 3.113, 3.145 and 3.132, all P < 0.01).OS depth study revealed no statistical different between MCI patients and controls (t value was 0.876,0.952 and 0.904, all P > 0.05). Olfactory discriminate threshold was negatively correlated with OB volume in MCI patients and controls (r value was -0.643, -0.541, both P < 0.05); was no correlated with depth of OS (r value was -0.167 and -0.183, both P > 0.05). Olfactory discriminate threshold was negatively correlated with cognitive impairment degree in MCI patients (r value was -0.427, -0.418 and -0.399, all P < 0.05), average OB volume was positively correlated with cognitive impairment degree in MCI patients (r value was 0.364, 0.383 and 0.379, all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe OB volumes are lower in MCI patients as compared with controls, the depth of OS show no significant changes in MCI patients. The OB volume is correlated with olfactory function, the depth of OS is not correlated with olfactory function. Cognitive impairment degree in MCI patients is accordance with olfactory function lower degree. The olfactory loss may be a earlier period and objective diagnosis indicator for MCI patients.

Cognition Disorders ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; complications ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Olfaction Disorders ; complications ; epidemiology ; Olfactory Bulb ; Organ Size ; Smell

Cognitive impairment, including Alzheimer's disease and other kinds of dementia, is a major health problem in older adults worldwide. Although numerous investigators have attempted to develop effective treatment modalities or drugs, there is no reasonably efficacious strategy for preventing or recovering from cognitive impairment. Therefore, modifiable risk factors for cognitive impairment have received attention, and the growing literature of metabolic risk factors for cognitive impairment has expanded from epidemiology to molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic management. This review focuses on the epidemiological evidence for the association between cognitive impairment and several endocrine risk factors, including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, thyroid dysfunction, vitamin D deficiency, and subclinical atherosclerosis. Researches suggesting possible mechanisms for this association are reviewed. The research investigating modifiable endocrine risk factors for cognitive impairment provides clues for understanding the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment and developing novel treatment modalities. However, so far, interventional studies investigating the beneficial effect of the "modification" of these "modifiable risk factors" on cognitive impairment have reported variable results. Therefore, well-designed, randomized prospective interventional studies are needed.
Adult ; Alzheimer Disease ; Atherosclerosis ; Cognition ; Cognition Disorders* ; Dementia ; Dyslipidemias ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Prospective Studies ; Research Personnel ; Risk Factors* ; Thyroid Gland ; Vitamin D Deficiency