No abstract available.
Coat Protein Complex I

No abstract available.
Coat Protein Complex I

Precise and reliable identification of CNV is still important to fully understand the effect of CNV on genetic diversity and background of complex diseases. SNP marker has been used frequently to detect CNVs, but the analysis of SNP chip data for identifying CNV has not been well established. We compared various normalization methods for CNV analysis and suggest optimal normalization procedure for reliable CNV call. Four normal Koreans and NA10851 HapMap male samples were genotyped using Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP array 5.0. We evaluated the effect of median and quantile normalization to find the optimal normalization for CNV detection based on SNP array data. We also explored the effect of Robust Multichip Average (RMA) background correction for each normalization process. In total, the following 4 combinations of normalization were tried: 1) Median normalization without RMA background correction, 2) Quantile normalization without RMA background correction, 3) Median normalization with RMA background correction, and 4) Quantile ormalization with RMA background correction. CNV was called using SW-ARRAY algorithm. We applied 4 different combinations of normalization and compared the effect using intensity ratio profile, box plot, and MA plot. When we applied median and quantile normalizations without RMA background correction, both methods showed similar normalization effect and the final CNV calls were also similar in terms of number and size. In both median and quantile normalizations, RMA background correction resulted in widening the range of intensity ratio distribution, which may suggest that RMA background correction may help to detect more CNVs compared to no correction.
Coat Protein Complex I ; Genetic Variation ; HapMap Project ; Humans ; Male

PURPOSE: Recently, orbital wall fracture is common injuries in the face. Facial CT is essential for the accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment to reconstruct of the orbital wall. The objective of this study was to report the method for accurate measurement of area and shape of the bony defect in the blow-out fractures using facial CT in prior to surgery. METHODS: The authors experienced 46 cases of orbital wall fractures and examined for diplopia, sensory disturbance in the area of distribution of the infraorbital nerve, and enophthalmos in the preoperation and followed 1 months after surgery, from August 2007 to May 2008. Bony defect was predicted by measuring continuous defect size from 3mm interval facial CT. Copying from the defect model(template), we reconstructed orbital wall with resorbable sheet(Inion CPS(R), Inion Oy, Tampere, Finland). RESULTS: One months after surgery using this method, 26(100%) of the 26 patients improved in the diplopia and sensory disturbance in the area of distribution of the infraorbital nerve. Also 8(72.7%) of the 11 patients had enophthalmos took favorable turn. CONCLUSION: This accurate and time-saving method is practicable for determining the location, shape and size of the bony defect. Using this method, we can reconstruc
Coat Protein Complex I ; Diplopia ; Enophthalmos ; Humans ; Orbit ; Orbital Fractures

PURPOSE: Recently, orbital wall fracture is common injuries in the face. Facial CT is essential for the accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment to reconstruct of the orbital wall. The objective of this study was to report the method for accurate measurement of area and shape of the bony defect in the blow-out fractures using facial CT in prior to surgery. METHODS: The authors experienced 46 cases of orbital wall fractures and examined for diplopia, sensory disturbance in the area of distribution of the infraorbital nerve, and enophthalmos in the preoperation and followed 1 months after surgery, from August 2007 to May 2008. Bony defect was predicted by measuring continuous defect size from 3mm interval facial CT. Copying from the defect model(template), we reconstructed orbital wall with resorbable sheet(Inion CPS(R), Inion Oy, Tampere, Finland). RESULTS: One months after surgery using this method, 26(100%) of the 26 patients improved in the diplopia and sensory disturbance in the area of distribution of the infraorbital nerve. Also 8(72.7%) of the 11 patients had enophthalmos took favorable turn. CONCLUSION: This accurate and time-saving method is practicable for determining the location, shape and size of the bony defect. Using this method, we can reconstruc
Coat Protein Complex I ; Diplopia ; Enophthalmos ; Humans ; Orbit ; Orbital Fractures

Human personal genome sequencing can be done with high efficiency by aligning a huge number of short reads derived from various next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies to the reference genome sequence. One of the major obstacles is the incompleteness of human reference genome. We tried to analyze the effect of hidden gene duplication on the NGS data using the known example of hydin gene. Hydin2 , a duplicated copy of hydin on chromosome 16q22, has been recently found to be localized to chromosome 1q21, and is not included in the current version of standard human genome reference. We found that all of eight personal genome data published so far do not contain hydin2, and there is large number of nsSNPs in hydin. The heterozygosity of those nsSNPs was significantly higher than expected. The sequence coverage depth in hydin gene was about two fold of average depth. We believe that these unique finding of hydin can be used as useful indicators to discover new hidden multiplication in human genome.
Coat Protein Complex I ; Gene Duplication ; Genome ; Genome, Human ; Humans

OBJECTIVES: The CLOX (an executive clock drawing task) consists of an unprompted task that is sensitive to executive function (CLOX1) and a copied version that is more dependent on visuoconstructive function (CLOX2). This study aimed to explore the effects of age, education, and gender on the performance of the CLOX and to provide normative information on the test in the Korean elderly. METHODS: We administered the CLOX to 608 community-dwelling healthy volunteers aged 60-90, excluding people with serious neurological, medical, and psychiatric disorders, including dementia. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to assess the relative contributions of the demographic factors to the CLOX scores. RESULTS: Education had a considerable influence on performance of both CLOX1 and CLOX2. Age and gender also had significant effect on both. There were significant interactions between education and gender for both CLOX1 and CLOX2. We also found interactions between education and age on CLOX2. Based on these results, we created normative data for the CLOX, stratified by age (60-74 and 75-90 years), education (0-3, 4-9, and 10+ years), and gender. CONCLUSION: Our normative data, based on a large, healthy elderly population, provides accurate reference information on CLOX performance and should be very useful for proper interpretation of CLOX scores in the Korean elderly.
Aged ; Coat Protein Complex I ; Dementia ; Demography ; Executive Function ; Humans ; Linear Models

In addition to single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), copy number variation (CNV) is a major component of human genetic diversity. Among many whole-genome analysis platforms, SNP arrays have been commonly used for genomewide CNV discovery. Recently, a number of CNV defining algorithms from SNP genotyping data have been developed; however, due to the fundamental limitation of SNP genotyping data for the measurement of signal intensity, there are still concerns regarding the possibility of false discovery or low sensitivity for detecting CNVs. In this study, we aimed to verify the effect of combining multiple CNV calling algorithms and set up the most reliable pipeline for CNV calling with Affymetrix Genomewide SNP 5.0 data. For this purpose, we selected the 3 most commonly used algorithms for CNV segmentation from SNP genotyping data, PennCNV, QuantiSNP; and BirdSuite. After defining the CNV loci using the 3 different algorithms, we assessed how many of them overlapped with each other, and we also validated the CNVs by genomic quantitative PCR. Through this analysis, we proposed that for reliable CNV-based genomewide association study using SNP array data, CNV calls must be performed with at least 3 different algorithms and that the CNVs consistently called from more than 2 algorithms must be used for association analysis, because they are more reliable than the CNVs called from a single algorithm. Our result will be helpful to set up the CNV analysis protocols for Affymetrix Genomewide SNP 5.0 genotyping data.
Coat Protein Complex I ; DNA Copy Number Variations ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to inquire into the recognition and performance of nursing students' hand washing and propose basic data for upright recognition and performance as reserve nurses. METHODS: A survey was carried out from September 1 to September 14, 2008 by first distributing questionnaires to 550 nursing collage students attending three-year-course or four-year-course colleges in Daegu. Of all the questionnaires later collected, only the copies received from the students, who were in their last year of college(416 copies), were used for analysis. RESULTS: The recognition and performance of their hand washing averaged 3.49 and 4.08 points, respectively, showing that the level of recognition was higher than that of performance. In addition, the four-year-course nursing college students showed higher recognition level compared to the three-year-course nursing college students. However, the result was vice versa for the performance level. CONCLUSION: It is necessary for nursing students, as reserve nurses, to receive an education to improve the recognition and performing level of hand washing.
Coat Protein Complex I ; Hand ; Hand Disinfection ; Humans ; Students, Nursing ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study analyzed recent trends of instrument usage assessing cognitive function of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. METHODS: The researcher collected 64 studies outside the country that were published between January 1996 and August 2010. RESULTS: There was no study on the instrument assessing all domains of cognitive function in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Most instruments assessing cognitive function of breast cancer patients have been used for patients with dementia, depression, and/or organic brain damage. Also the objective neuropsychological tests such as the grooved pegboard for the psychomotor area, RCFT copy in visuospatial skill area and the WAIS-III block design have low sensitivity for measuring cognitive function in breast cancer patients, thus they are not good for applying to breast cancer patients. CONCLUSION: There is a need to develop an instrument which has good sensitivity and specificity for measuring the cognitive function of the breast cancer patients who experienced cognitive impairment after chemotherapy treatment. In addition, the developed instrument needs to be accessible and feasible in any nursing clinical setting for the purpose of accurate assessment and evaluation of the cognitive function among breast cancer patients.
Brain ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Coat Protein Complex I ; Cognition ; Dementia ; Depression ; Humans ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Sensitivity and Specificity