The short time antibacterial effect of tetracaine hydrochloride was studied. S. aureus, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus and P. aeruginosa were each incubated with tetracaine hydrochloride(preservative free) for 18 hours or for 2 minutes and then diluted and cultured on nutrient agar plate. Colony counts were done after 18 hours. In cases of 18 hours incubation, there was no growth of microbials in 0.5%, 0.1% tetracaine hydrochloride, but there was no inhibitory effect of 0.02% of tetracaine hydrochloride on growth of microbials, irrespective of inoculum amount. In cases of 2 minutes incubation with 0.5% tetracaine hydrochloride, there was no difference between the amount of microbial inoculum and colony count. Above in vitro study indicates that tetracaine hydrochloride has no inhibitory effect on bacterial growth in short time exposure less than 2 minutes.
Agar ; Coagulase ; Staphylococcus ; Tetracaine*

The short time antibacterial effect of tetracaine hydrochloride was studied. S. aureus, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus and P. aeruginosa were each incubated with tetracaine hydrochloride(preservative free) for 18 hours or for 2 minutes and then diluted and cultured on nutrient agar plate. Colony counts were done after 18 hours. In cases of 18 hours incubation, there was no growth of microbials in 0.5%, 0.1% tetracaine hydrochloride, but there was no inhibitory effect of 0.02% of tetracaine hydrochloride on growth of microbials, irrespective of inoculum amount. In cases of 2 minutes incubation with 0.5% tetracaine hydrochloride, there was no difference between the amount of microbial inoculum and colony count. Above in vitro study indicates that tetracaine hydrochloride has no inhibitory effect on bacterial growth in short time exposure less than 2 minutes.
Agar ; Coagulase ; Staphylococcus ; Tetracaine*

The bacterial group which we usually consider as resident flora sometimes changes into opportuniistic pathogen which produces oppartunistic infection, so that attention to resident flora remarkably increased. The main topics of bacterioloical problems of skin flora are as follows: (1) selective localization of resident flora, (2) members of resident flora and their changes by age and area, (3) the role of action of resident flora, (4j the problems of Micrococcus, (5) coagulase negative Staphylococci, (6) coagulase positive Staphylococci, (7) the problerns of Propionilbacterium(P) acnes, (8) typing of propionibacteria existing on human skin, (9) antibiotic sensitivities of P. acnes, (10) effect of tetracycline on lipase productivity oi P. acnes.
Coagulase ; Efficiency ; Humans ; Lipase ; Micrococcus ; Skin* ; Tetracycline

BACKGROUND: Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antimicrobial agent effective against methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Decreased susceptibility of staphylococci to glycopeptides has been increasing. Teicoplanin diffuses poorly in agar and therefore the correlation between the inhibition zone diameter and the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) is rather poor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of teicoplanin-resistant staphylococci and to assess the reliability of inhibition zone diameters for determining the susceptibility of staphylococci to teicoplanin by comparing the results of the agar dilution MICs. METHODS: From June to August 1997, 290 clinical isolates of staphylococci(77 coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS), 213 Staphylococcus aureus) were collected. The antimicrobial susceptibilities to teicoplanin were determined by inhibition zone diameter and the results were compared with the MICs determined by the agar dilution method. RESULTS: Among 77 CNS strains, 75(97.4%) were susceptible and 2(2.6%) were intermediate by agar dilution method and all 213 strains of S. aureus were susceptible to teicoplanin. There was a poor correlation(r=0.50) between the zone diameters of inhibition and agar dilution MICs. In comparison with the results of disk diffusion test and agar dilution MIC, eight (2.8%) out of 290 isolates showed discrepancies (major error rates : 0.3%, minor error rates: 2.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Two(2.6%) out of 77 strains of CNS and none of 213 S. aureus strains revealed decreased susceptibility to teicoplanin. And the inhibition zone diameter was less reliable in determining the susceptibility of staphylococci than MICs. Therefore, the more effective and convenient method is needed.
Agar ; Coagulase ; Diffusion* ; Glycopeptides ; Methicillin Resistance ; Prevalence* ; Staphylococcus ; Teicoplanin*

Sepsis is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in the neonates. This article reviews the studies which analyzed the causative pathogens of neonatal sepsis in Korea. The changes of bacterial pathogens in other countries are reviewed. This review also introduces the recent updates of preventive and immunotherapy in neonatal sepsis. Coagulase negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus were the most commonly isolated organisms in the early and late onset neonatal sepsis in Korea. Group B streptococcus was a rare cause of the early onset disease in Korea. To obtain a more accurate data, prospective nationwide surveillance will be warranted.
Coagulase ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea ; Sepsis ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus

Conjunctival bacterial cultures for 113 neonates who were delivered by cesarean section or vaginal delivery were performed within 30 minutes after birth. These neonates were in the condition of no eye drops applied. The 43 newborns were delivered by cesarean section(CS group) and the 70 newborns were delivered vaginally(VD group). The 10 newborns(P1) (14 eyes(P2)) in the CS group and the 29 newborns(41 eyes) in the VD group showed culture positivity. These differences between two groups were statistically significant(p1, p2<0.05). The CS group had significantly fewer species and colony forming units cultured per subject (0.395 +/- 0.821(p3), 5.116 +/- 27.095(p4) than the VD group(0.971 +/- 1.393, 25.843 +/- 62.285) (p3,p4<0.05). Coagulase negative staphylococci were predominantly isolated in the CS group and coagulase negative staphylococci, gram positive bacilli, E. coli, nonfermenting bacilli, and S. aureus in the VD group. Therefore it was found that the conjunctiva of the newborns delivered by cesarean section bore significantly fewer bacteria and need less prophylactic measures than that of newborns delivered vaginally.
Bacteria ; Cesarean Section* ; Coagulase ; Conjunctiva ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Parturition* ; Pregnancy ; Stem Cells

From 1986 to 1995, 75 eyes of 75 patients who were admitted with a diagnosis of infectious corneal ulcer at Chunbuk university hospital were analyzed on the etiologic agents and clinical findings. Etiologic agents of infectious corneal ulcer were classified as 49 bacterial ulcers(65.3%) and 26 fungal ulcers(34.7%). The most common isolated bacteria was 8 cases of coagulase negative staphylococcus and pseudomonas species was the most common isolated gram negative organism. Candida species was the most commonly isolated fungus. Hypopyon was noted in 30 cases(40%) of infectious corneal ulcers, 14 cases in small ulcer group and 16 cases in large ulcer group. There was no difference between severity and presence of hypopyon of the 75cases (P>0.05. chi-square test).
Bacteria ; Candida ; Coagulase ; Corneal Ulcer* ; Diagnosis ; Fungi ; Humans ; Pseudomonas ; Staphylococcus ; Ulcer

This study was conducted to compare the patterns of mastitic pathogens and the antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus (S.) aureus from conventional milking (CM) and robotic milking (RM) dairy herds. To accomplish this, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of 14 antimicrobial agents were tested against S. aureus by the microdilution method. Regardless of the milking system, S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococcus, and Streptococcus uberis were isolated. Additionally, significant differences in the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus isolates between RM and CM farms were only observed in response to tetracycline.
Anti-Infective Agents ; Coagulase ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Milk* ; Staphylococcus aureus* ; Staphylococcus* ; Streptococcus ; Tetracycline

BACKGROUND: Many invasive and life-threatening infections are diagnosed by the culture of normally sterile body fluids. Because microorganisms are present in very low concentrations, and these infections are often caused by fastidious or slow-growing microorganisms, they may not be detected by conventional culture methods. The present study was designed to assess the performance of the BacT/Alert blood culture system in order to recover microorganism with standard aerobic and anaerobic bottles and FAN aerobic and anaerobic bottles versus conventional culture methods for culturing normally sterile body fluids other than blood. METHODS: Between February and April 2003, sterile body fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluids (CSF), pleural fluids, peritoneal fluids, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysate (CAPD), and other fluids submitted to the microbiology laboratory for culture were entered into the study. Only specimens with a minimum volume of 3.0 mL were included, and the specimens were divided equally among three arms of the study. All BacT/Alert bottles were monitored for up to 5 days. Conventional blood agar plate and thioglycollate broth were incubated for up to 3 days before being discarded as negative, while anaerobic cultures were maintained for a minimum of 5 days. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using standard laboratory protocols. RESULTS: A total of 247 specimens (CSF 85, pleural fluids 68, peritoneal fluids 71, CAPD 17, others 6) were included in this study, with 45 isolates recovered from 43 specimens. The recovery rates for each method were standard bottles 65.1% (28/43), FAN bottles 79.1% (34/43), and conventional culture 48.9% (21/43). For CSF and peritoneal fluids, more isolates were recovered from the FAN bottles compared to the conventional culture or standard bottles. The FAN bottles recovered more coagulase negative staphylococci than those from the conventional culture or standard bottles. CONCLUSIONS: Even though the BacT/Alert system using FAN bottles improved the recovery rate for CSF and peritoneal fluids compared to either the standard bottles or conventional culture, coagulase negative staphylococci were also frequently recovered. Therefore, further evaluations are required to assess the clinical usefulness of culturing sterile body fluids using the Bact/Alert blood culture system.
Agar ; Arm ; Ascitic Fluid ; Body Fluids* ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Coagulase ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is most frequently isolated Gram-positive cocci from clinical specimens. The accurate identification of S. aureus is required. Lipovitellin-salt-mannitol (LSM) agar is medium for differentiating S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) by mannitol acidification and lipovitellin lipase reaction. In this study, we compare LSM agar with the other conventional methods for differentiating S. aureus and CNS in clinical laboratories, coagulase test, mannitol-salt agar (MSA), and DNase agar. METHODS: One hundred and forty-five isolates of staphylococci from clinical specimens are used. S. aureus and CNS were identified by coagulase test, MSA, DNase agar, and LSM agar. RESULTS: Eighty-nine isolates were identified as S. aureus and 59 isolates were revealed CNS. Compared ability of methods to differntiate S. aureus from CNS, sensitivity and specificity were 98.7% and 96.6% with LSM agar, 92.1% and 96.6% with coagulase test, 96.6% and 93.2% with MSA, 93.3% and 98.3% with DNase agar, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: LSM agar show good discrimination between S. aureus and CNS. LSM agar may be used for identification of S. aureus in clinical laboratories.
Agar* ; Coagulase ; Deoxyribonucleases ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Gram-Positive Cocci ; Lipase ; Mannitol ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Staphylococcus aureus* ; Staphylococcus*