The short time antibacterial effect of tetracaine hydrochloride was studied. S. aureus, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus and P. aeruginosa were each incubated with tetracaine hydrochloride(preservative free) for 18 hours or for 2 minutes and then diluted and cultured on nutrient agar plate. Colony counts were done after 18 hours. In cases of 18 hours incubation, there was no growth of microbials in 0.5%, 0.1% tetracaine hydrochloride, but there was no inhibitory effect of 0.02% of tetracaine hydrochloride on growth of microbials, irrespective of inoculum amount. In cases of 2 minutes incubation with 0.5% tetracaine hydrochloride, there was no difference between the amount of microbial inoculum and colony count. Above in vitro study indicates that tetracaine hydrochloride has no inhibitory effect on bacterial growth in short time exposure less than 2 minutes.
Agar ; Coagulase ; Staphylococcus ; Tetracaine*

The short time antibacterial effect of tetracaine hydrochloride was studied. S. aureus, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus and P. aeruginosa were each incubated with tetracaine hydrochloride(preservative free) for 18 hours or for 2 minutes and then diluted and cultured on nutrient agar plate. Colony counts were done after 18 hours. In cases of 18 hours incubation, there was no growth of microbials in 0.5%, 0.1% tetracaine hydrochloride, but there was no inhibitory effect of 0.02% of tetracaine hydrochloride on growth of microbials, irrespective of inoculum amount. In cases of 2 minutes incubation with 0.5% tetracaine hydrochloride, there was no difference between the amount of microbial inoculum and colony count. Above in vitro study indicates that tetracaine hydrochloride has no inhibitory effect on bacterial growth in short time exposure less than 2 minutes.
Agar ; Coagulase ; Staphylococcus ; Tetracaine*

The bacterial group which we usually consider as resident flora sometimes changes into opportuniistic pathogen which produces oppartunistic infection, so that attention to resident flora remarkably increased. The main topics of bacterioloical problems of skin flora are as follows: (1) selective localization of resident flora, (2) members of resident flora and their changes by age and area, (3) the role of action of resident flora, (4j the problems of Micrococcus, (5) coagulase negative Staphylococci, (6) coagulase positive Staphylococci, (7) the problerns of Propionilbacterium(P) acnes, (8) typing of propionibacteria existing on human skin, (9) antibiotic sensitivities of P. acnes, (10) effect of tetracycline on lipase productivity oi P. acnes.
Coagulase ; Efficiency ; Humans ; Lipase ; Micrococcus ; Skin* ; Tetracycline

Sepsis is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in the neonates. This article reviews the studies which analyzed the causative pathogens of neonatal sepsis in Korea. The changes of bacterial pathogens in other countries are reviewed. This review also introduces the recent updates of preventive and immunotherapy in neonatal sepsis. Coagulase negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus were the most commonly isolated organisms in the early and late onset neonatal sepsis in Korea. Group B streptococcus was a rare cause of the early onset disease in Korea. To obtain a more accurate data, prospective nationwide surveillance will be warranted.
Coagulase ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea ; Sepsis ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus

BACKGROUND: Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antimicrobial agent effective against methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Decreased susceptibility of staphylococci to glycopeptides has been increasing. Teicoplanin diffuses poorly in agar and therefore the correlation between the inhibition zone diameter and the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) is rather poor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of teicoplanin-resistant staphylococci and to assess the reliability of inhibition zone diameters for determining the susceptibility of staphylococci to teicoplanin by comparing the results of the agar dilution MICs. METHODS: From June to August 1997, 290 clinical isolates of staphylococci(77 coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS), 213 Staphylococcus aureus) were collected. The antimicrobial susceptibilities to teicoplanin were determined by inhibition zone diameter and the results were compared with the MICs determined by the agar dilution method. RESULTS: Among 77 CNS strains, 75(97.4%) were susceptible and 2(2.6%) were intermediate by agar dilution method and all 213 strains of S. aureus were susceptible to teicoplanin. There was a poor correlation(r=0.50) between the zone diameters of inhibition and agar dilution MICs. In comparison with the results of disk diffusion test and agar dilution MIC, eight (2.8%) out of 290 isolates showed discrepancies (major error rates : 0.3%, minor error rates: 2.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Two(2.6%) out of 77 strains of CNS and none of 213 S. aureus strains revealed decreased susceptibility to teicoplanin. And the inhibition zone diameter was less reliable in determining the susceptibility of staphylococci than MICs. Therefore, the more effective and convenient method is needed.
Agar ; Coagulase ; Diffusion* ; Glycopeptides ; Methicillin Resistance ; Prevalence* ; Staphylococcus ; Teicoplanin*

BACKGROUND: Coagulase negative staphylococcus (CNS) spp. is a major pathogenic organism of nosocomial and community-acquired urianry tract infections, and causes infrctions in the immunocompromised host, and in particular, bloodstream infetions in patent with indwelling devices. High prevalance of methicillin resistance has been noticed in CNS which also have been recongnized as an important multidrug resistant pathogen. The optimal phenotypic method for detecting methicillin resistance still remains controversial, and new guidelines for detecting methicillin resistance of CNS was proposed by NCCLS in January 1999. We evaluated the relationship between mecA gene by PCR method and antimicrobial susceptibility tests according to the new NCCLS guidelines. METHODS: A total of 82 CNS isolates were examined for MICs and penicillin MICs by disk diffusion and agar dilution method according to NCCLS guidelines, and detections, and detection of mecA gene by PCR. RESULT: In disk diffusion method, 66 strains (80.5%) and 63 strains (76.8%) showed resistance to penicillin and oxacillin, respectively, and in agar dilution method, 71 strains(86.6%) and 53 strains (64.6%), respectively. In PCR method, mecA genes were detected in 49 strains(59.8%). Comparing with mecA gene detection by PCR method, the sensitivity of disk diffusion and agar dilution method was 95.8% and 89.8%, repectively. However, the sensitivity of disk diffusion and agar dilution method was 65.3% and 75.5%, respectively using previous NCCLS criteria. CONCLUSION: The new criteria of NCCLS detects the methicillin resistance induced by mecA gene more sensitively than previous one.
Agar ; Coagulase* ; Diffusion ; Immunocompromised Host ; Methicillin Resistance ; Oxacillin ; Penicillins ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Staphylococcus*

Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a member of the coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) which has been associated with serious infections in humans. Species identification of S. lugdunensis isolates should be done but they may be misidentified as other CoNS species or Staphylococcus aureus due to positivity for clumping factor. We report the first two cases of catalase-positive and Gram positive cocci isolated from blood and venous catheter, which were positive for latex agglutination coagulase test but susceptible to penicillin, negative for tube coagulase test and negative acid production from mannitol and finally identified as S. lugdunensis.
Agglutination ; Catheters* ; Coagulase ; Gram-Positive Cocci ; Humans ; Latex ; Mannitol ; Penicillins ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Staphylococcus lugdunensis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical characteristics of bacterial culture, and visual outcome in patients with acute endophthalmitis. METHODS: Clinical records of patients treated for acute endophthalmitis in GNUH from 2000 to 2009 were reviewed. The specimens for culture were obtained from the anterior chamber or vitreous. Clinical outcome measures were bacterial culture, culture rate, and final visual acuity. RESULTS: Cultures (total 59 cases) showed bacterial growth in 37 cases (63%). Among 35 cases vitreous specimens, bacteria growth was found in 22 cases (63%), and from the 27 anterior chamber specimens, 12 cases (44%) were culture positive. From these 37 bacterial-positive cultures, 11 (30%) were coagulase negative Staphylococcus species, 16 (43.0%) were other Gram-positive species, 9 (24%) were Gram-negative species, and 1 (3%) produced a polymicrobial culture. Final visual acuity above 0.5 was achieved in 16 of 59 (27%) cases and coagulase negative Staphylococcus species had the greatest proportion being 5 of 11 (45%). CONCLUSIONS: The bacterial culture positivity rate in bacterial endophthalmitis was 63%, and the culture yield rate from the vitreous was higher than the anterior chamber aqueous samples. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus species were the most common causative organisms and showed the best final visual outcome in endophthalmitis.
Anterior Chamber ; Bacteria ; Coagulase ; Endophthalmitis ; Humans ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Staphylococcus ; Visual Acuity

OBJECTIVES: This study was planned to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of cefazedone in the treatment of patients with infectious disease in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. METHOD: Cefazedone was used in 20 patients with infectious disease in obstetrics and gynecology, who visited the department of obstetrics and gynecology, Yonsei university college of medicine, from June 1998 through July 1999. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 42.5 years(range of 18 to 68 years) and 17 of patients were diagnosed as pelvic inflammatory disease(PID), 2 were urinary tract infection due to huge ovarian tumor, and 1 was Bartholin's gland abscess. Cefazedone was proven its efficacy in treating infections of obstetrics and gynecology so as to reach 100% of response rate. The cefazedone was sensitive to all isolated organisms - G. vaginalis, E. coli, Staphylococcus, coagulase (+), etc. In the course of treatment, 1 patient experienced mild nausea, another 1 patient complained mild diarrhea, and another 1 patient showed transient leukopenia but their symptoms and signs were disappeared with only conservative management. There was no significant renal and hepatic function changes. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that cefazedone is relatively effective in treating infections of obstetrics and gynecology to show excellent antibacterial effects and low incidence of complications.
Abscess ; Coagulase ; Communicable Diseases ; Diarrhea ; Gynecology* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Leukopenia ; Nausea ; Obstetrics ; Staphylococcus ; Urinary Tract Infections

Mycon-soft lenses (made by Tokyo contact lens Co., Japan) were contaminated experimentally with coagulase positive staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa and sterilizing effects of some disinfectants (3% H2O2, 6% H2O2, 0.1% Benzalkonium and 1:1000 Merthiolate solutions) on those contaminated lenses were studied. The following results were obtained: 1. SCL contaminated with staphylcoccus were sterilized by soaking in 3% H2O2, 6% H2O2, or 1:1000 Merthiolate solution over 15 minutes, and in 0.1 Benzalkonium over 60 minutes. 2. SCL contaminated with pseudomonas aeruginosa were sterilizd by soaking in 6% H2O2 over 15 minutes, in 1:1000 MerthioJate solution over 60 minutes, in 3% H2O2 over 60 minutes, but no sterilization was obtained by soaking in 0.1 % Benzalkonium solution for less than 180 minutes. 3. No signs of irritation were noted on rabbit corneas fitted with SCL after soaking in 3% H2O2 or 6% H2O2 for 15 minutes followed by soaking in 20cc of normal saline for 15 minutes.
Benzalkonium Compounds ; Coagulase ; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic* ; Cornea ; Disinfectants ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Sterilization* ; Thimerosal