The short time antibacterial effect of tetracaine hydrochloride was studied. S. aureus, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus and P. aeruginosa were each incubated with tetracaine hydrochloride(preservative free) for 18 hours or for 2 minutes and then diluted and cultured on nutrient agar plate. Colony counts were done after 18 hours. In cases of 18 hours incubation, there was no growth of microbials in 0.5%, 0.1% tetracaine hydrochloride, but there was no inhibitory effect of 0.02% of tetracaine hydrochloride on growth of microbials, irrespective of inoculum amount. In cases of 2 minutes incubation with 0.5% tetracaine hydrochloride, there was no difference between the amount of microbial inoculum and colony count. Above in vitro study indicates that tetracaine hydrochloride has no inhibitory effect on bacterial growth in short time exposure less than 2 minutes.
Agar ; Coagulase ; Staphylococcus ; Tetracaine*

The short time antibacterial effect of tetracaine hydrochloride was studied. S. aureus, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus and P. aeruginosa were each incubated with tetracaine hydrochloride(preservative free) for 18 hours or for 2 minutes and then diluted and cultured on nutrient agar plate. Colony counts were done after 18 hours. In cases of 18 hours incubation, there was no growth of microbials in 0.5%, 0.1% tetracaine hydrochloride, but there was no inhibitory effect of 0.02% of tetracaine hydrochloride on growth of microbials, irrespective of inoculum amount. In cases of 2 minutes incubation with 0.5% tetracaine hydrochloride, there was no difference between the amount of microbial inoculum and colony count. Above in vitro study indicates that tetracaine hydrochloride has no inhibitory effect on bacterial growth in short time exposure less than 2 minutes.
Agar ; Coagulase ; Staphylococcus ; Tetracaine*

The bacterial group which we usually consider as resident flora sometimes changes into opportuniistic pathogen which produces oppartunistic infection, so that attention to resident flora remarkably increased. The main topics of bacterioloical problems of skin flora are as follows: (1) selective localization of resident flora, (2) members of resident flora and their changes by age and area, (3) the role of action of resident flora, (4j the problems of Micrococcus, (5) coagulase negative Staphylococci, (6) coagulase positive Staphylococci, (7) the problerns of Propionilbacterium(P) acnes, (8) typing of propionibacteria existing on human skin, (9) antibiotic sensitivities of P. acnes, (10) effect of tetracycline on lipase productivity oi P. acnes.
Coagulase ; Efficiency ; Humans ; Lipase ; Micrococcus ; Skin* ; Tetracycline

Sepsis is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in the neonates. This article reviews the studies which analyzed the causative pathogens of neonatal sepsis in Korea. The changes of bacterial pathogens in other countries are reviewed. This review also introduces the recent updates of preventive and immunotherapy in neonatal sepsis. Coagulase negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus were the most commonly isolated organisms in the early and late onset neonatal sepsis in Korea. Group B streptococcus was a rare cause of the early onset disease in Korea. To obtain a more accurate data, prospective nationwide surveillance will be warranted.
Coagulase ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea ; Sepsis ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus

BACKGROUND: Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antimicrobial agent effective against methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Decreased susceptibility of staphylococci to glycopeptides has been increasing. Teicoplanin diffuses poorly in agar and therefore the correlation between the inhibition zone diameter and the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) is rather poor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of teicoplanin-resistant staphylococci and to assess the reliability of inhibition zone diameters for determining the susceptibility of staphylococci to teicoplanin by comparing the results of the agar dilution MICs. METHODS: From June to August 1997, 290 clinical isolates of staphylococci(77 coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS), 213 Staphylococcus aureus) were collected. The antimicrobial susceptibilities to teicoplanin were determined by inhibition zone diameter and the results were compared with the MICs determined by the agar dilution method. RESULTS: Among 77 CNS strains, 75(97.4%) were susceptible and 2(2.6%) were intermediate by agar dilution method and all 213 strains of S. aureus were susceptible to teicoplanin. There was a poor correlation(r=0.50) between the zone diameters of inhibition and agar dilution MICs. In comparison with the results of disk diffusion test and agar dilution MIC, eight (2.8%) out of 290 isolates showed discrepancies (major error rates : 0.3%, minor error rates: 2.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Two(2.6%) out of 77 strains of CNS and none of 213 S. aureus strains revealed decreased susceptibility to teicoplanin. And the inhibition zone diameter was less reliable in determining the susceptibility of staphylococci than MICs. Therefore, the more effective and convenient method is needed.
Agar ; Coagulase ; Diffusion* ; Glycopeptides ; Methicillin Resistance ; Prevalence* ; Staphylococcus ; Teicoplanin*

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to compare the general condition of peritonitis through a study of three connector systems : The Straight transfer set with Spike-and-Pork system(SPS), The Straight transfer set with Luer-Lock system(SLS), and The Y-set with Two Bag system(YS). METHODS: We reviewed our experience with 134 patients from 1988.1 to 1995.12. According to various kinds of connector system, we divided cases into 3 groups : The SPS(1988. 1-1991. 3) was used on 55 patients(mean age 47+/-2, M:F=30:25); The SLS(1991.4-1993.8) on 45 patients(mean age 55+/-1, M:F=30:15); and The YS(1993.9-1995.12) on 34 patients(mean age 49+/-5, M:F=15:19). RESULTS: 1) Total CAPD duration was 1.22 patient year in SPS, 1.08 in SLS, and 0.96 in YS. The incidence of peritonitis is 1.71 episodes per patient year in SPS, 1.03 in SLS, and 0.61 in YS. 2) Among the causative organisms of peritonitis, coagulase negative Staphylococcus was most common in the three groups(SPS:10.4%, SLS:10%, YS:20%). In SPS and SLS, S. aureus(7.7%, 8%), Pseudomonas(6.5%, 8%), E. coli(5.2%, 6%) were present in decreasing order. In YS, Pseudomonas (15%), S. aureus(15%), E. coli(10%) were present in decreasing order. There were no growth of organisms in 55.9% of SPS, 38% of SLS, and 30% of YS. 3) The probability of experiencing the first peritonitis at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months was 21.4%, 21.4%, 21.4%, and 23.9% respectively in SPS, 3.4%, 34.5%, 34.5%, and 10.3% respectively in SLS, and 0%, 28.5%, 35.7%, and 28.5% respectively in YS. 4) In the response to the treatment of peritonitis, 59.7% of the peritonitis episodes in SPS, 72% in SLS, and 85% in YS were cured with antibiotics. In 37.7% of the peritonitis episodes in SPS, 24% in SLS, and 10% in YS, the catheter was removed due to fungal, tubercolous, recurrent, or peritonitis not responding to antibiotics. 2 patients in SPS, 2 patients in SLS, and 1 patient in YS died due to peritonitis. 5) The catheter survival rate at 3, 6, 12 months was 72%, 63.6%, and 40% respectively in SPS, 89%, 78.3%, and 46.7% respectively in SLS, and 94%, 85.3%, and 76.6% respectively in YS. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that there is a relationship between the development of connector system and a decrease of peritonitis in CAPD.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Catheters ; Coagulase ; Humans ; Incidence ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory ; Peritonitis* ; Pseudomonas ; Staphylococcus ; Survival Rate

Todays, remnant split-thickness skin graft is stored for graft failure or for delayed grafting. Refrigerated skin is usually stored for 3 weeks, after which, cellular respiration ceaces. Even though the refrigerated skin can be used before 3 weeks after harvest, the success rate of the skin graft is usually lower than in case of fresh skin. One of the most reliable explanations is multiplication of microorganisms on the stored skin, that is, the more microorganisms on the refrigerated skin, the less the success rate of grafts. For this reasons, some kind of antibiotics have been used for storage of the split-thickness skin piece. But there is no report about the effect of antibiotics on stored skin. We want to know the effect of the antibiotics on stored skin. For this purpose, we did three experiments for qualititative bacteriology of refrigerated skin. Experiment 1 was qualititative identification of microorganisms colonizing split-thickness skin after 2 weeks storage in low temperature, and sensitivity tests for identified microorganisms. On the basis of experiment 1, the proper antibiotics were selected and samples of split-thickness skin were stored using this antibiotics. At 2 weeks after storage in low temperature, samples of split-thickness skin were cultured for identification of bacterial growth. This is experiment 2. Experiment 3 is histologic examination of the split-thickness skin involved in experiment 1 and 2.In the experiment 1, we found five kinds of microorganisms in 9 out of 30 split-thickness skin samples. The most common microorganism was coagulase negative Staphylococcus which was found in 4 samples. Through the antibiotics sensitivity test, teicoplanin was selected as the most proper antibiotics. In experiment 2, we could not find any microorganisms in 30 split-thickness skin samples. In experiment 3, there were no histologic differences in the split-thickness skin samples whether antibiotics were used or not. Through these results, we have confirms that split-thickness skin pieces are more safely stored using proper antibiotics.
Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Bacteriology ; Cell Respiration ; Coagulase ; Colon ; Skin* ; Staphylococcus ; Teicoplanin ; Transplants

From 1986 to 1995, 75 eyes of 75 patients who were admitted with a diagnosis of infectious corneal ulcer at Chunbuk university hospital were analyzed on the etiologic agents and clinical findings. Etiologic agents of infectious corneal ulcer were classified as 49 bacterial ulcers(65.3%) and 26 fungal ulcers(34.7%). The most common isolated bacteria was 8 cases of coagulase negative staphylococcus and pseudomonas species was the most common isolated gram negative organism. Candida species was the most commonly isolated fungus. Hypopyon was noted in 30 cases(40%) of infectious corneal ulcers, 14 cases in small ulcer group and 16 cases in large ulcer group. There was no difference between severity and presence of hypopyon of the 75cases (P>0.05. chi-square test).
Bacteria ; Candida ; Coagulase ; Corneal Ulcer* ; Diagnosis ; Fungi ; Humans ; Pseudomonas ; Staphylococcus ; Ulcer

This study was conducted to compare the patterns of mastitic pathogens and the antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus (S.) aureus from conventional milking (CM) and robotic milking (RM) dairy herds. To accomplish this, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of 14 antimicrobial agents were tested against S. aureus by the microdilution method. Regardless of the milking system, S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococcus, and Streptococcus uberis were isolated. Additionally, significant differences in the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus isolates between RM and CM farms were only observed in response to tetracycline.
Anti-Infective Agents ; Coagulase ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Milk* ; Staphylococcus aureus* ; Staphylococcus* ; Streptococcus ; Tetracycline

Conjunctival bacterial cultures for 113 neonates who were delivered by cesarean section or vaginal delivery were performed within 30 minutes after birth. These neonates were in the condition of no eye drops applied. The 43 newborns were delivered by cesarean section(CS group) and the 70 newborns were delivered vaginally(VD group). The 10 newborns(P1) (14 eyes(P2)) in the CS group and the 29 newborns(41 eyes) in the VD group showed culture positivity. These differences between two groups were statistically significant(p1, p2<0.05). The CS group had significantly fewer species and colony forming units cultured per subject (0.395 +/- 0.821(p3), 5.116 +/- 27.095(p4) than the VD group(0.971 +/- 1.393, 25.843 +/- 62.285) (p3,p4<0.05). Coagulase negative staphylococci were predominantly isolated in the CS group and coagulase negative staphylococci, gram positive bacilli, E. coli, nonfermenting bacilli, and S. aureus in the VD group. Therefore it was found that the conjunctiva of the newborns delivered by cesarean section bore significantly fewer bacteria and need less prophylactic measures than that of newborns delivered vaginally.
Bacteria ; Cesarean Section* ; Coagulase ; Conjunctiva ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Parturition* ; Pregnancy ; Stem Cells