The short time antibacterial effect of tetracaine hydrochloride was studied. S. aureus, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus and P. aeruginosa were each incubated with tetracaine hydrochloride(preservative free) for 18 hours or for 2 minutes and then diluted and cultured on nutrient agar plate. Colony counts were done after 18 hours. In cases of 18 hours incubation, there was no growth of microbials in 0.5%, 0.1% tetracaine hydrochloride, but there was no inhibitory effect of 0.02% of tetracaine hydrochloride on growth of microbials, irrespective of inoculum amount. In cases of 2 minutes incubation with 0.5% tetracaine hydrochloride, there was no difference between the amount of microbial inoculum and colony count. Above in vitro study indicates that tetracaine hydrochloride has no inhibitory effect on bacterial growth in short time exposure less than 2 minutes.
Agar ; Coagulase ; Staphylococcus ; Tetracaine*

The short time antibacterial effect of tetracaine hydrochloride was studied. S. aureus, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus and P. aeruginosa were each incubated with tetracaine hydrochloride(preservative free) for 18 hours or for 2 minutes and then diluted and cultured on nutrient agar plate. Colony counts were done after 18 hours. In cases of 18 hours incubation, there was no growth of microbials in 0.5%, 0.1% tetracaine hydrochloride, but there was no inhibitory effect of 0.02% of tetracaine hydrochloride on growth of microbials, irrespective of inoculum amount. In cases of 2 minutes incubation with 0.5% tetracaine hydrochloride, there was no difference between the amount of microbial inoculum and colony count. Above in vitro study indicates that tetracaine hydrochloride has no inhibitory effect on bacterial growth in short time exposure less than 2 minutes.
Agar ; Coagulase ; Staphylococcus ; Tetracaine*

The bacterial group which we usually consider as resident flora sometimes changes into opportuniistic pathogen which produces oppartunistic infection, so that attention to resident flora remarkably increased. The main topics of bacterioloical problems of skin flora are as follows: (1) selective localization of resident flora, (2) members of resident flora and their changes by age and area, (3) the role of action of resident flora, (4j the problems of Micrococcus, (5) coagulase negative Staphylococci, (6) coagulase positive Staphylococci, (7) the problerns of Propionilbacterium(P) acnes, (8) typing of propionibacteria existing on human skin, (9) antibiotic sensitivities of P. acnes, (10) effect of tetracycline on lipase productivity oi P. acnes.
Coagulase ; Efficiency ; Humans ; Lipase ; Micrococcus ; Skin* ; Tetracycline

Sepsis is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in the neonates. This article reviews the studies which analyzed the causative pathogens of neonatal sepsis in Korea. The changes of bacterial pathogens in other countries are reviewed. This review also introduces the recent updates of preventive and immunotherapy in neonatal sepsis. Coagulase negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus were the most commonly isolated organisms in the early and late onset neonatal sepsis in Korea. Group B streptococcus was a rare cause of the early onset disease in Korea. To obtain a more accurate data, prospective nationwide surveillance will be warranted.
Coagulase ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea ; Sepsis ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus

BACKGROUND: Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antimicrobial agent effective against methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Decreased susceptibility of staphylococci to glycopeptides has been increasing. Teicoplanin diffuses poorly in agar and therefore the correlation between the inhibition zone diameter and the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) is rather poor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of teicoplanin-resistant staphylococci and to assess the reliability of inhibition zone diameters for determining the susceptibility of staphylococci to teicoplanin by comparing the results of the agar dilution MICs. METHODS: From June to August 1997, 290 clinical isolates of staphylococci(77 coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS), 213 Staphylococcus aureus) were collected. The antimicrobial susceptibilities to teicoplanin were determined by inhibition zone diameter and the results were compared with the MICs determined by the agar dilution method. RESULTS: Among 77 CNS strains, 75(97.4%) were susceptible and 2(2.6%) were intermediate by agar dilution method and all 213 strains of S. aureus were susceptible to teicoplanin. There was a poor correlation(r=0.50) between the zone diameters of inhibition and agar dilution MICs. In comparison with the results of disk diffusion test and agar dilution MIC, eight (2.8%) out of 290 isolates showed discrepancies (major error rates : 0.3%, minor error rates: 2.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Two(2.6%) out of 77 strains of CNS and none of 213 S. aureus strains revealed decreased susceptibility to teicoplanin. And the inhibition zone diameter was less reliable in determining the susceptibility of staphylococci than MICs. Therefore, the more effective and convenient method is needed.
Agar ; Coagulase ; Diffusion* ; Glycopeptides ; Methicillin Resistance ; Prevalence* ; Staphylococcus ; Teicoplanin*

The hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome is a primary immunodificiency disorder characterized by recurrent staphylococcal infections and markedly elevated serum IgE level. Clinical features are coarse face and severe infections of the skin-furunculosis or chronically pruritic dermatitis and sinopulmonary tract infection from infancy by coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus, or Candida albicans etc. The patients's serum IgE level is elevated but the basic immunologic pathogenesis not fully understood. We have experienced a case of hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome in a 26/12-year-old who had suffered from recurrent staphylococcal pneumonias and abscesses and chronically pruritic dermatitis from 1 month of age with elevated serum IgE level. A brief review of the related literature is presented.
Abscess ; Candida albicans ; Coagulase ; Dermatitis ; Immunoglobulin E ; Pneumonia, Staphylococcal ; Staphylococcal Infections ; Staphylococcus aureus

One hundred and thirty-two cases(132 eyes) of corneal ulcer were analysed on the clinical and etiologic basis. The history of evident ocular trauma was found in 28.8% of the cases and ocular disease was found in 7.6% of the cases. Positive results were 16/55 in smear and 33/61 in culture, and the most common isolate was coagulase negative staphylococcus in bacteriologic studies. In fungal studies, positive results were 1/42 in smear and 5/42 in culture, and Aspergillus was the most common isolate. Cephalexin was the most sensitive antibiotics for Gram positive organism and carbenicillin and gentamicin were the most sensitive antibiotics for Gram negative orgamsm. These results indicate that gentamicin and cephalexin in combination would be recommended as the initial treatment of wide-spectrum antibiotics coverage for bacterial corneal ulcer until the final culture results and senitivity are available.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Aspergillus ; Carbenicillin ; Cephalexin ; Coagulase ; Corneal Ulcer* ; Gentamicins ; Staphylococcus

BACKGROUND: Many invasive and life-threatening infections are diagnosed by the culture of normally sterile body fluids. Because microorganisms are present in very low concentrations, and these infections are often caused by fastidious or slow-growing microorganisms, they may not be detected by conventional culture methods. The present study was designed to assess the performance of the BacT/Alert blood culture system in order to recover microorganism with standard aerobic and anaerobic bottles and FAN aerobic and anaerobic bottles versus conventional culture methods for culturing normally sterile body fluids other than blood. METHODS: Between February and April 2003, sterile body fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluids (CSF), pleural fluids, peritoneal fluids, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysate (CAPD), and other fluids submitted to the microbiology laboratory for culture were entered into the study. Only specimens with a minimum volume of 3.0 mL were included, and the specimens were divided equally among three arms of the study. All BacT/Alert bottles were monitored for up to 5 days. Conventional blood agar plate and thioglycollate broth were incubated for up to 3 days before being discarded as negative, while anaerobic cultures were maintained for a minimum of 5 days. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using standard laboratory protocols. RESULTS: A total of 247 specimens (CSF 85, pleural fluids 68, peritoneal fluids 71, CAPD 17, others 6) were included in this study, with 45 isolates recovered from 43 specimens. The recovery rates for each method were standard bottles 65.1% (28/43), FAN bottles 79.1% (34/43), and conventional culture 48.9% (21/43). For CSF and peritoneal fluids, more isolates were recovered from the FAN bottles compared to the conventional culture or standard bottles. The FAN bottles recovered more coagulase negative staphylococci than those from the conventional culture or standard bottles. CONCLUSIONS: Even though the BacT/Alert system using FAN bottles improved the recovery rate for CSF and peritoneal fluids compared to either the standard bottles or conventional culture, coagulase negative staphylococci were also frequently recovered. Therefore, further evaluations are required to assess the clinical usefulness of culturing sterile body fluids using the Bact/Alert blood culture system.
Agar ; Arm ; Ascitic Fluid ; Body Fluids* ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Coagulase ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory

Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type and coagulase serotype are important epidemiologic factors in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). To investigate correlation between SCCmec type and coagulase serotype of MRSA, we analyzed SCCmec types of MRSA strains isolated from clinical sources and compared the results to coagulase serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. A total of 108 MRSA isolates were classified into four SCCmec types: II (55.6%), IV (21.3%) III (13.0%) and IIIA (8.3%), and five coagulase serotypes: II (54.6%), IV (21.3%), V (18.5%) and VII (2.8%). All of coagulase type II, IV and V strains belonged to SCCmec type II, III/IIIA and IV, respectively. SCCmec types II, III and IIIA were multidrug resistant, whereas SCCmec type IV strains were non-multidrug resistant except beta-lactams and erythromycin. The data provide that there is a significant correlation between SCCmec types and phenotypic characteristic of coagulase serotypes.
beta-Lactams ; Coagulase ; Epidemiologic Factors ; Erythromycin ; Methicillin Resistance ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Todays, remnant split-thickness skin graft is stored for graft failure or for delayed grafting. Refrigerated skin is usually stored for 3 weeks, after which, cellular respiration ceaces. Even though the refrigerated skin can be used before 3 weeks after harvest, the success rate of the skin graft is usually lower than in case of fresh skin. One of the most reliable explanations is multiplication of microorganisms on the stored skin, that is, the more microorganisms on the refrigerated skin, the less the success rate of grafts. For this reasons, some kind of antibiotics have been used for storage of the split-thickness skin piece. But there is no report about the effect of antibiotics on stored skin. We want to know the effect of the antibiotics on stored skin. For this purpose, we did three experiments for qualititative bacteriology of refrigerated skin. Experiment 1 was qualititative identification of microorganisms colonizing split-thickness skin after 2 weeks storage in low temperature, and sensitivity tests for identified microorganisms. On the basis of experiment 1, the proper antibiotics were selected and samples of split-thickness skin were stored using this antibiotics. At 2 weeks after storage in low temperature, samples of split-thickness skin were cultured for identification of bacterial growth. This is experiment 2. Experiment 3 is histologic examination of the split-thickness skin involved in experiment 1 and 2.In the experiment 1, we found five kinds of microorganisms in 9 out of 30 split-thickness skin samples. The most common microorganism was coagulase negative Staphylococcus which was found in 4 samples. Through the antibiotics sensitivity test, teicoplanin was selected as the most proper antibiotics. In experiment 2, we could not find any microorganisms in 30 split-thickness skin samples. In experiment 3, there were no histologic differences in the split-thickness skin samples whether antibiotics were used or not. Through these results, we have confirms that split-thickness skin pieces are more safely stored using proper antibiotics.
Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Bacteriology ; Cell Respiration ; Coagulase ; Colon ; Skin* ; Staphylococcus ; Teicoplanin ; Transplants