Clostridium cellulolyticum, as one of obligate anaerobic bacteria capable of secreting cellulosome, has not been efficiently cultured due to its strict requirement of growing conditions. In this study, culture conditions of C. cellulolyticum were optimized using response surface methodology. Plackett-Burman design was first used to screen the dominant impact factors for the growth of C. cellulolyticum, which were determined as yeast extract concentration, cellobiose concentration and culture temperature. The steepest ascent path design was then applied to gain the suitable range close to the optimal culture conditions for obtaining high cell density. The central composite design and the response surface analysis were finally used to determine the optimal levels of the influential factors, which were 3 g/L for yeast extract concentration, 7 g/L cellobiose concentration and 34 degrees C for culture temperature. The optimized medium was used for flask culture, and OD600 of C. cellulolyticum was increased from 0.303 to 0.586. With a pH-controlled fermentor at batch mode, OD600 reached 3.432, which was 2.8 times higher than elsewhere reported. These results support further study on the high-density culture of C. cellulolyticum and its application.
Bacteriological Techniques ; methods ; Clostridium cellulolyticum ; growth & development ; Culture Media ; Population Density

Rare sugar is a kind of important low-energy monosaccharide that is rarely found in nature and difficult to synthesize chemically. D-allose, a six-carbon aldose, is an important rare sugar with unique physiological functions. It is radical scavenging active and can inhibit cancer cell proliferation. To obtain D-allose, the microorganisms deriving D-psicose 3-epimerase (DPE) and L-rhamnose isomerase (L-RhI) have drawn intense attention. In this paper, DPE from Clostridium cellulolyticum H10 was cloned and expressed in Bacillus subtilis, and L-RhI from Bacillus subtilis 168 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The obtained crude DPE and L-RhI were then purified through a HisTrap HP affinity chromatography column and an anion-exchange chromatography column. The purified DPE and L-RhI were employed for the production of rare sugars at last, in which DPE catalyzed D-fructose into D-psicose while L-RhI converted D-psicose into D-allose. The conversion of D-fructose into D-psicose by DPE was 27.34%, and the conversion of D-psicose into D-allose was 34.64%.
Aldose-Ketose Isomerases ; metabolism ; Bacillus subtilis ; enzymology ; Carbohydrate Epimerases ; metabolism ; Clostridium cellulolyticum ; enzymology ; Escherichia coli ; metabolism ; Fructose ; metabolism ; Glucose ; metabolism

D-psicose 3-epimerase (DPEase) is demonstrated to be useful in the bioproduction of D-psicose, a rare hexose sugar, from D-fructose, found plenty in nature. Clostridium cellulolyticum H10 has recently been identified as a DPEase that can epimerize D-fructose to yield D-psicose with a much higher conversion rate when compared with the conventionally used DTEase. In this study, the crystal structure of the C. cellulolyticum DPEase was determined. The enzyme assembles into a tetramer and each subunit shows a (β/α)(8) TIM barrel fold with a Mn(2+) metal ion in the active site. Additional crystal structures of the enzyme in complex with substrates/products (D-psicose, D-fructose, D-tagatose and D-sorbose) were also determined. From the complex structures of C. cellulolyticum DPEase with D-psicose and D-fructose, the enzyme has much more interactions with D-psicose than D-fructose by forming more hydrogen bonds between the substrate and the active site residues. Accordingly, based on these ketohexose-bound complex structures, a C3-O3 proton-exchange mechanism for the conversion between D-psicose and D-fructose is proposed here. These results provide a clear idea for the deprotonation/protonation roles of E150 and E244 in catalysis.
Binding Sites ; Biocatalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Clostridium cellulolyticum ; enzymology ; Hexoses ; chemistry ; Manganese ; chemistry ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Racemases and Epimerases ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Substrate Specificity