No Abstract Available.
Clostridium botulinum type B* ; Clostridium botulinum* ; Clostridium*

No Abstract Available.
Clostridium botulinum type B* ; Clostridium botulinum* ; Clostridium*

Botulism is a rare neuroparalytic disease caused by neurotoxins of Clostridium species. A ten-year-old girl and her mother were admitted to a hospital with symptoms of progressive dizziness, blurred vision, slurred speech, constipation and difficulty in swallowing. These characteristic manifestations and clinical course prompted an examination of the possibility of botulism. Mouse bioassay performed with mother's stool demonstrated type A botulinum toxin and culture of the mother's stool was positive for Clostridium botulinum type A. This is the first case of botulism in Korea.
Animals ; Biological Assay ; Botulinum Toxins ; Botulism* ; Clostridium ; Clostridium botulinum ; Clostridium botulinum type A ; Constipation ; Deglutition ; Dizziness ; Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; Mice ; Mothers ; Neurotoxins

OBJECTIVETo analyze the clinical characteristics and diagnosis of three cases with infant botulism.

METHODClinical data of three clinically diagnosed cases with infant botulism in May 2015 in Peking University First Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Literature search at databases of PubMed, Wanfang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and VIP with the key words"infant AND botulism". The date of literature retrieval was from the database founding to November 2015. The characteristics of infant botulism were summarized through review of literature.

RESULTThree patients were infants of 4-8 months of age, and all had acute onsets of anorexia and poor response. All of them had normal psychomotor development previously, and without clear history of exposure to poisons. The main findings on physical examination were reduced muscle strength and hypotonia, dullness or disappeared pupillary light reflex, reduced facial expression, weak crying and dysphagia. Unexpectedly their states of consciousness were relatively normal. Finally, through identification and PCR genotyping of bacteria in stool, 2 cases were confirmed as Clostridium (C.) botulinum type B infection. Totally 446 reports were retrieved from foreign language literature and 52 reports from Chinese literature. More than 3,000 cases of infant botulism cases were reported in the world. Rare cases were reported in China and only 1 case was reported in 2000.

CONCLUSIONMost cases of infant botulism had no clear exposure history. The main clinical manifestations are hypotonia, cranial nerve paralysis, flaccid paralysis, but different patients may have different presentations. Detection of C. Botulinum and its toxin in stool can help to confirm the diagnosis. Infant botulism is relatively rare in China, which may be related to the insufficient understanding and inspection level of the disease. It might be underestimated in China.

Botulism ; China ; Clostridium botulinum ; Feces ; Genotype ; Humans ; Infant ; Paralysis

The aim of this study was an examination of 240 multifloral honey samples collected from Polish apiaries to determine Clostridium botulinum occurrence. Honey was collected from apiaries directly after the extraction process. Samples were inoculated by using the dilution and centrifugation method. Suspected isolates were examined by using mouse bioassay, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and real-time PCR methods. C. botulinum type A and B strains were detected in 5 of 240 examined honey samples (2.1%). Bacterial strains were also detected that were phenotypically similar to C. botulinum but that did not exhibit the ability to produce botulinum toxins and did not show the presence of the botulinum cluster (ntnh and bont genes) or expression of the ntnh gene. The methods used in the examination, especially the expression analysis of ntnh gene, enabled specific analysis of suspected strains and could be used routinely in environmental isolate analyses of C. botulinum occurrence.
Animals ; Biological Assay ; Botulinum Toxins ; Centrifugation ; Clostridium botulinum ; Clostridium ; Honey ; Methods ; Mice ; Neurotoxins ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Spores

Botulinum toxin type A is a neurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum that blocks the presynaptic release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. This blockade of the neuromuscular junction is definitive, but the existence of nerve sprouting explains the reversible nature of the paralysis induced by injection of this toxin. The clinical effect appears between the 3rd and 7th day after injection. The author had experienced 218 cases from January 1999 to September 1999. We injected toxin on forehead (96 cases), glabella (91 cases), crow's feet (88 cases), neck (12 cases), nasolabial fold (9 cases), masseter muscle (8 cases), and chin (7 cases). The author obtained wrinkles decreased significantly. The effect during the period of activity of the toxin, which lasted 3 to 6 months after injection and masseter muscle area lasted 6 to 9 months. The advantage of botulinum toxin injection is the effective treatment with wrinkles in upper half of face and neck and no disturbance in daily life. The disadvantage of botulinum toxin injection is the feeling of masked face after injection, short duration, and sometimes unwilling facial expression.
Acetylcholine ; Botulinum Toxins* ; Botulinum Toxins, Type A ; Chin ; Clostridium botulinum ; Facial Expression ; Foot ; Forehead ; Masks ; Masseter Muscle ; Nasolabial Fold ; Neck ; Neuromuscular Junction ; Paralysis ; Surgery, Plastic*

OBJECTIVETo establish the genotype-specific targets plasmids and engineered E.coli strains of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) types B and E based on reverse genetics.

METHODSThe gene sequences of BoNT were obtained from GenBank and analyzed using DNAMAN, Lasergene, Vector NTI and BLAST. Two target fragments of BoNT/B and BoNT/E were anchored and then synthesized as 5 and 10 short DNA single strands, respectively. The full-length target sequences were amplified by overlapping PCR and subcloned into pMD 18-T vector, and the recombinant plasmids were identified by restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing.

RESULTSSixty full-length sequences of 4 types of BoNT, namely types A, B, E, and F, were available in GenBank. Two target fragments, BoNT/B of 215 bp and BoNT/E of 360 bp, and their specific primer pairs were anchored after sequence analysis. pMD 18-T-BoNT/B and pMD 18-T-BoNT/E containing these two target sequences were confirmed.

CONCLUSIONThe engineered plasmids and E.coli stains containing the genotype-specific target fragments of BoNT/B and BoNT/E have been constructed successfully.

Base Sequence ; Botulinum Toxins ; genetics ; Botulinum Toxins, Type A ; Clostridium botulinum ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Gene Targeting ; Genotype ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

Botulinum toxin type A is a polypeptide neurotoxin derived from the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Safe and effective Botulinum type A toxin has found clinical application as a treatment for strabismus, blepharospasm, palmar hyperhidrosis. Now this toxin is widely used for improving the facial rhytides cosmetically. Author applicated this toxin not only for facial rejuvenation but also for improving for masseter muscle hypertrophy, facial asymmetries after orthognathic surgery, dysmorphis caused by facial nerve paralysis, TMD and habitual TMJ luxation. Author report clinical results with literature review.]]>
Blepharospasm ; Botulinum Toxins ; Botulinum Toxins, Type A ; Clostridium botulinum ; Facial Asymmetry ; Facial Nerve ; Hyperhidrosis ; Hypertrophy ; Masseter Muscle ; Orthognathic Surgery ; Paralysis ; Rejuvenation ; Strabismus ; Temporomandibular Joint

To analyze a suspected case of Clostridium botulinum food poisoning in Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang and to help validating the diagnosis and providing technical support for clinical treatment. The basic information and clinical manifestations of food poisoning cases were investigated by using the epidemiological method of food safety accidents. The botulinum toxin genes in the samples were detected by real-time PCR and inoculation of KM mouse. The enriched bacteria were further purified and validated. PFGE and cluster analysis were performed on five isolates. Clostridium botulinum type A was detected in two homemade fermented bean samples and stool lavage fluid samples of three patients from enriched samples by toxin test and real-time PCR, and were further validated after isolation of Clostridium botulinum. PFGE showed 100% homology among five isolates. Five isolates of bacteria isolated from the stool lavage fluid of three patients and two homemade fermented bean curd were identified as the same source through PFGE. The cause of this food poisoning cases is food pollution of Clostridium botulinum type A.
Animals ; Clostridium botulinum/genetics* ; Feces ; Foodborne Diseases/epidemiology* ; Gerbillinae ; Humans ; Mice

Designed a pair of primers through modifying N-terminal bases (5bps) of gene after ATG but not changing amino acid, and amplified a smaller mutated gene sequnce (468bp) containing two protective antigenic determinants from pBlue-BoNTaHc, N-terminal codon of mutated gene fragment is changed from low to high frenqence in E. coli. Mutated gene was ligated into pGEM-T vector and sequenced, then, cloned into a expression plasmid pBV220. As a result, cloned gene was expressed in insoluble form by temperature inducing (from 30 degrees C to 42 degrees C) in E. coli. Expression product is 40% of total proteins and is of specific binding activity to antibody in ELISA. The successful modification and high level expression of protective fragment of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A(BoNTaHc468) gene is conducive to further study on antitoxin and vaccine.
Bacterial Vaccines ; immunology ; Botulinum Toxins, Type A ; genetics ; immunology ; Clostridium botulinum type A ; immunology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; Plasmids ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis