Nebulization therapy is a direct drug administration process that turns liquid medications into mist that can be inhaled into the lungs and respiratory tract and is an important strategy for various respiratory problems and diseases.In recent years,there has been a high prevalence of respiratory diseases in China,so the popularity of nebulization at home and at basic-level hospitals has increased significantly.Therefore,the standardized application and rational administration of nebulization therapy should be concerned seriously.Led by the Chinese Medical Association Clinical Pharmacy Branch,the updating work of the Expert Consensus on the Rational Use for Inhaled Medicines Administrated by Nebulizers(2024 Edition)was carried out jointly by Chinese Medical Education Association Pharmacy Administration Professional Committee and Clinical Rational Drug Use Professional Committee.This consensus comprehensively introduces the drug delivery characteristics,safety and effectiveness,medication indications,application process and pharmaceutical care of nebulization therapy,the selection of small-volume nebulizers,new drugs for nebulized inhalation,recommended dosing regimens for respiratory diseases,etc.It aims to offer professional guidance for all healthcare providers of standardized nebulization therapy and rational administration.

Objective In order to improve the rationalization of medication use for thrombosis prevention and treatment in children,the guideline aims to develop a comprehensive and practical guideline for pharmacy practice in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases in children.Through a systematic review of the available evidence-based medical evidence,specific recommendations for drug prevention and treatment are presented.Methods The World Health Organization(WHO)guideline development manual was used for the study design of the guideline.A systematic search and extensive collection of common medication problems for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis in children existed nationwide,and the Delphi method was used to research experts and determine the final clinical problems to be included.Then,a systematic literature search was conducted to comprehensively assess the existing original studies,systematic evaluations,and guidelines or consensus of professional organizations.Quality evaluation was conducted according to the grades of recommendations assessment,development and evaluation(GRADE)method,and consensus on the recommendations and level of evidence was reached again through the Delphi method,which ultimately led to the formation of the pharmacy practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases in children.Results A total of 29 clinical problems assessed by 74 experts in clinical pharmacy and clinical medicine were collected during the development of the guideline;15 clinical problems were screened through two rounds of questionnaires;and 15 clinical medication recommendations were developed under the supervision of two methodologists.Conclusion By comprehensively evaluating the feasibility and safety of clinical practice,the guideline will provide specific antithrombotic medication recommendations for pediatric healthcare professionals,which will help improve the prevention and treatment of thrombosis in children and promote more standardized and effective medical practice.