History of hospital is one of main fields of researches in medical history. Besides writing a history of an individual hospital, considerable efforts have been made to trace the origin of hospital. Those who quest for the origin of hospital are faced with an inevitable problem of defining hospital. As the different definition can lead to a different outcome, it is important to make a clear definition. In this article, the hospital was defined as an institution in which patients are housed and given medical treatments. According to the definition, the Great Basilius is regarded to have created the first hospital in 369 CE. The creation of hospital is considered to be closely related with Christian philantrophy. However, the question is raised against this explanation. As the religious philantrophy does not exclusively belong to the Christianity alone, more comprehensive and persuasive theory should be proposed to explain why the first hospital was created in the Christian World, not in the Buddhistic or other religious world. Furthermore, in spite of sharing the same Christian background, why the first hospital appeared in Byzantine Empire, not in Western Roman Empire, also should be explained. My argument is that Asclepius cult and the favorable attitude toward medicine in Greek world are responsible to the appearance of the first hospital in Byzantine Empire. The evangelic work of Jesus was heavily depended on healing activities. The healing activities of Jesus and his disciples were rivalled by Asclepius cult which had been widely spread and practiced in the Hellenistic world. The temples of Asclepius served as a model for hospital, for the temples were the institution exclusively reserved for the patients. The exclusive housing of patients alone in the temples of Asclepius is clearly contrasted with the other early forms of hospitals in which not only patients but also the poor, foreigners and pilgrims were housed altogether. Toward the healing god Asclepius, the Latin Church fathers and Greek Church fathers showed significant difference of attitudes. The Latin fathers were generally very critical on Asclepius while the Greek fathers were more favorable to the same healing god. This difference is also considered to be an important factor that can explain why the first hospital appeared in the Byzantine Empire.
Byzantium ; Christianity* ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Fathers ; Greek World ; Housing ; Humans ; Parturition* ; Roman World ; Writing

The Harappan Civilization, one of the earliest complex societies in the world, flourished on the Indian subcontinent. Although many additional Harappan settlements and cemeteries have been discovered and investigated, no coupled burials at Harappan cemeteries have been reported to date. In 2013–2016, we excavated the cemetery of the Rakhigarhi site (Haryana), the largest city of the Harappan Civilization. At the site, we found a grave that turned out to be a coupled (joint) burial of the primary type. This report is the first anthropologically confirmed case of coupled burial from a Harappan cemetery.
Anthropology ; Burial ; Cemeteries* ; Civilization*

In recent years, the sense of equilibrium began to receive a significant attention due to serious motion sickness derived from a high speed and frequency vehicles with the development of civilization. In aerospace age, many studies have been in progress about the equilibrium and spatial orientation under weightless conditions. This article focused on explaining vestibular anatomy and physiology. Furthermore, we tried to put the accent on introducing the role of vestibular system that is responsible for equilibrium of the body in spatial orientation.
Civilization ; Motion Sickness ; Orientation ; Sodium Glutamate

Harappan Civilization is well known for highly sophisticated urban society, having been flourished in extensive regions of northwestern part of Pakistan and northeastern part of Afghanistan as its heyday around 4500 years ago. Most archaeologists agree on the periodization of this civilization as three different phases (Early, Mature and Late), which represent its cultural process of origin, development and decline. From the Harappan sites, one can note that there were about more than fifty burial sites discovered so far related with the civilization. In this article, we are trying to introduce the brief picture of the Harappan burials from the archaeological as well as anthropological perspectives.
Afghanistan ; Anthropology ; Archaeology ; Burial* ; Civilization* ; Humans ; India* ; Pakistan

While the invention of computers has caused the rapid development of technology and civilization, the marriage of computers with mobile technology has continued to greatly change our daily lives in every aspect. We use smartphones to tell the time instead of watches, and we utilize mobile applications (apps) to communicate by emailing, messaging and social networking, to take, edit and share photos and videos, to navigate, to conduct commercial transactions, and to perform many other everyday routines. Similarly, in the medical field, there are apps that provide medical and drug information, medical practice guidelines, continuing medical education, and many other services. In this article, several selected mobile apps are briefly reviewed from a personal point of view on their utility in daily medical practice.
Cellular Phone ; Civilization ; Education, Medical, Continuing ; Electronic Mail ; Humans ; Inventions ; Marriage ; Mobile Applications*

PURPOSE: On account of the civilization progress and popularization of the internet, we have researched the current public understandings of the pediatric endocrinologic diseases. METHODS: Analyzable 582 cases of 1,160 cases inquired by the online counsel board for the pediatric endocrinologic diseases from March of 2001 to January of 2004 were classified into four groups. RESULTS: There were 187 inquiries related to short stature. Most counsels were taken by their mothers. In the height distribution of them, under 3 percentile were 27 (21.4%). About precocious puberty, there were 82 for girls and 8 for boys of the total 110 inquiries. The number of children among 6-10 year old were 62. The main subject matter of inquiry accounted for the great majority as 67 cases was about breast budding. And there were 117 inquiries related to childhood diabetes. The number of children among 1-5 year old were 43 (49.4%). Lastly, there were 149 inquiries related to the thyroid diseases. The number of children under 1 year old were 55 (45.8%). CONCLUSION: Considering the most cases of the stature under 50 percentile on the current Korean growth curve begun since 1998, a present phase of quite competition of the stature was recognized. And it could be possible to say that the maternal factor for short stature seems more important than the paternal factor, because our data show that the short stature mothers of the short stature children is two folds more than the short stature fathers of them.
Breast ; Child ; Civilization ; Fathers ; Female ; Humans ; Internet* ; Mothers ; Puberty, Precocious ; Thyroid Diseases

The reconstruction of activity and of work patterns has been approached by examinations of activity-related skeletal markers. Among several different methods, in particular, a number of anthropologists have widely applied the patterns of enthesopathies and degenerative joint disease in studies of past activity. The purpose of this study is to better understand and use these indicators in reconstructing the levels of physical activities of past populations. This review will provide information on the most recent anthropological research on the behavioral interpretation on degenerative joint disease and enthesopathies, to better use these indicators in understanding past populations. There are obvious limitations in using these markers, and it is necessary to consider them. Firstly, it is uncertain as to whether there are certain activities that are performed repetitively throughout their lives of those who lived in past civilizations. A second limitation involves the etiology of skeletal markers related to mechanical stress. There are multiple-factors, including genetic predisposition, sex, the aging process, and diet that may affect the way people practice a specific activity. Accordingly, this makes it difficult to evaluate the underlying etiological factors and their roles in activity-related skeletal changes. In conclusion, to circumvent these limitations, the use of multiple skeletal markers together in studies of the activities of past populations may enable to more reliable interpretations. However, to ensure more reliable interpretations, the validity of such combinations of makers should be challenged. Therefore, more work on the validity of activity-related markers is needed to clarify the activities that are responsible for the development in life of the features observable in skeletal populations. This type of research can contribute to the discussion of the use of activity-related skeletal markers in studies of behavioral interpretations with more certainty regarding which morphological characteristics are responses to physical activity and mechanical loading as the pathogenesis of such characteristics.
Aging ; Civilization ; Diet ; Dietary Sucrose ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Joint Diseases ; Motor Activity ; Rheumatic Diseases ; Stress, Mechanical

OBJECTIVES: Despite the great contribution made by chemical substances to the development of modern civilization, their indiscriminate use has caused various kinds of damage to the global environment and human beings. Accordingly, the major developed countries and international society have tried to ensure the safe use of chemicals and a reduction in the use of hazardous chemicals through the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme and various international agreements. In this reason, we tried to introduce about Green Chemistry progress at the present in worldwide and Korea. METHODS: We checked and analyzed relative journals, reports using keyword as like Green Chemistry, alternative chemicals, eco-friendly etc. and major country's government homepage search. RESULTS: Green Chemistry theory, which argues for the reduction or removal of harmfulness in chemicals throughout their entire life-cycle, has been spreading, and major developed countries, such as the US and Denmark, have developed and operate programs to provide reliable chemical information to help replace hazardous chemicals. Korea has also been conducting studies as like eco-innovation project. Through this project the "Alternative Chemical Search program," has been developed, distributed, and operated since 2011 to provide reliable information to small and medium-sized businesses that have difficulties collecting information to ensure conformity to international regulations. The program provides information that includes the regulations of major countries and Korea, information on 340 alternative chemicals, 70 application cases, and 1:1 consulting. CONCLUSIONS: The Alternative Chemical Search program is expected to contribute to the establishment of response systems for regulation of Korean small and medium-sized businesses, and it also will be used to provide basic data for Korean hazardous chemical regulation, together with the Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances and the Chemical Control act, making it possible to establish an infrastructure for Green Chemistry in Korea and to increase national competitiveness.
Chemistry* ; Civilization ; Denmark ; Developed Countries ; Hazardous Substances ; Humans ; Korea* ; Small Business ; Social Control, Formal ; United Nations

OBJECTIVES: Despite the great contribution made by chemical substances to the development of modern civilization, their indiscriminate use has caused various kinds of damage to the global environment and human beings. Accordingly, the major developed countries and international society have tried to ensure the safe use of chemicals and a reduction in the use of hazardous chemicals through the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme and various international agreements. In this reason, we tried to introduce about Green Chemistry progress at the present in worldwide and Korea. METHODS: We checked and analyzed relative journals, reports using keyword as like Green Chemistry, alternative chemicals, eco-friendly etc. and major country's government homepage search. RESULTS: Green Chemistry theory, which argues for the reduction or removal of harmfulness in chemicals throughout their entire life-cycle, has been spreading, and major developed countries, such as the US and Denmark, have developed and operate programs to provide reliable chemical information to help replace hazardous chemicals. Korea has also been conducting studies as like eco-innovation project. Through this project the "Alternative Chemical Search program," has been developed, distributed, and operated since 2011 to provide reliable information to small and medium-sized businesses that have difficulties collecting information to ensure conformity to international regulations. The program provides information that includes the regulations of major countries and Korea, information on 340 alternative chemicals, 70 application cases, and 1:1 consulting. CONCLUSIONS: The Alternative Chemical Search program is expected to contribute to the establishment of response systems for regulation of Korean small and medium-sized businesses, and it also will be used to provide basic data for Korean hazardous chemical regulation, together with the Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances and the Chemical Control act, making it possible to establish an infrastructure for Green Chemistry in Korea and to increase national competitiveness.
Chemistry* ; Civilization ; Denmark ; Developed Countries ; Hazardous Substances ; Humans ; Korea* ; Small Business ; Social Control, Formal ; United Nations

The civilization has given us a great comfort and convenience but also it has been threatening our life at the same time. Recently among these causes of death the traffic accident is the most dangerous thing to threat our life. Most traffic accidents happen on the road but are increasing on the sea and river recently. Accordingly this paper presents an accident example for a boat collision accident which was anlalyzed from the evidences drawn by forensic medical and scientific methods for a passenger death accident by a collision between two boats. The forensic medical accident interpretation was made up by autopsy and drug toxicology inspection. A person who has met an unnatural death at the accident time was drunken condition. The cause of death was judged by the multiple viscera injury, and presumed to be killed by applying an high external force. In order to perform a forensic scientific analysis, we investigated the passenger's life jacket that a person killed in the accident was wearing and also investigated the external appearance of two boats which have 150h.p and 130h.p. Through comparing the position of two boats with the direction of impact on the surface of the water, we could assume that the 130h.p boat impacted the tail on the right side of 150h.p boat with constant acceleration or constant velocity.
Acceleration ; Accidents, Traffic ; Autopsy ; Cause of Death ; Civilization ; Humans ; Rivers ; Ships* ; Toxicology ; Viscera ; Water