BACKGROUND: In a circle system, gas that is to be reused is cleared of carbon dioxide by passing through a canister containing a chemical CO2 absorbent. In anesthesia textbooks the utilization time of carbon dioxide is nearly always specified to last about 5 hours. The soda lime used was noted to regenerate its efficiency for CO2 absorption after being exhausted. Two different types of soda lime (a ROK product and USA product) were analyzed in patients for their duration of carbon dioxide absorption from the anesthetic closed circle system and re-use time after being exhausted. METHODS: General inhalation anesthesia was performed using a PhysioFlex anesthesia machine. To determine the duration of carbon dioxide absorption by soda lime and the re-use time after being exhausted, twenty seven (ROK; 20 and USA; 7) and fifty (ROK; 22 and USA; 28) adult patients were studied. Duration of CO2 absorption was determined as the time for the inspired CO2 concentration to reach 0.5%. The color change of ethyl violet in soda lime was observed throughout the study. Duration of CO2 absorption was compared by unpaired t-test. Re-use time of each group was analysed by simple regression; p less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Duration of CO2 absorption was 2.67 +/- 2.12 hrs for the ROK product and 9.52 +/- 0.68 hrs of USA product, and they were different significantly (P < 0.05). Regression equations of ROK- and USA-products werey (min) = 5.761x + 45.701 (r2 = 0.0438, P = 0.3496, x means day after being exhausted) and y = 0.6x + 33.179 (r2 = 0.0158, P = 0.5233) respectively. A color change of ethyl violet in ROK soda lime was not observed throughout the chemical reaction. CONCLUSIONS: From the above results we suggest that ROK soda lime is not effective yet to use for CO2 absorption in clinical anesthesia. It is marked shorter than that of the USA soda lime. A color change of ethyl violet was not observed throughout the chemical absorption reaction in ROK soda lime. Re-use time of both soda limes were not related with the duration after being exhausted.
Absorption* ; Adult ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Inhalation ; Carbon Dioxide ; Citrus aurantiifolia ; Humans ; Viola

OBJECTIVETo optimize the method of Fructus Auranti extracts preparation.

METHODThe extraction conditions and resin type were examined by using naringin as main indices. The sampling amount, the elution solvent and their flow rates were optimized. The recycling times and recovery capacity of resin were also studied.

RESULTThe best extraction could be obtained by adding 10 times amount of NaOH (pH 11) for 3 times, 1 hour each time. The purification conditions were specified as follows: using D101 macroporous resin, the sampling ratio of resin weight to raw material was 1:0.8 with a flow rate of 2 BV x h(-1) and 4 BV 50% aqueous ethanol as elusion solven.

CONCLUSIONBy using this method, the naringin in the product could reach above 30%. Besides, the optimum method is simple and practical.

Chemical Fractionation ; methods ; Citrus aurantiifolia ; chemistry ; Flavanones ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; isolation & purification

The authors performed clear lens extraction on 22 eye to treat severe high myopia more than 12 diopters(D). The changes in spherical equivalent (S. E.), visual acuity improvement, and the complications were evaluated during 6 months postoperatively. A scleral pocket incision and continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis was made and lens extraction was performed via phacoemulsification and low power poserior chamber intraocular lens was implanted. The postoperative refractive error target were form -1.5D to-2.0D. More than 85% of eyes were within +/-1D of targeted refractive error. The posoperative uncorrected visual acuities were increased more than 20/200 in all eyes and 20% of eyes were increased more than 20/40 at postoperative two months. The postoperative corrected visual acuities were increased two or more limes in more than 80% of eyes. Intraoperatively, hyphema in one eye, wound leaking in two eyes and radial tear during contimuous curvilinear capsulorhexis in one eye were developed. Poltoperatively, retinal detachment in two eyes, subretinal neovascularization in one eye and posterior capsular opacification in three eyes were developed. In conclusion, the clear lens extraction was a effective method for correction of severe high myopia but longer follow-up of large number of cases is needed to fully assess the safety.
Capsulorhexis ; Citrus aurantiifolia ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hyphema ; Lenses, Intraocular ; Myopia* ; Phacoemulsification ; Refractive Errors ; Retinal Detachment ; Visual Acuity ; Wounds and Injuries

Phytophotodermatitis is a condition caused by sequential exposure to photosensitizing substances present in plants followed by ultraviolet light. Several plants (e.g., limes, celery, fig, and wild parsnip) contain furocoumarin compounds (psoralens). It is important for dermatologists to be aware of phytophotodermatitis because it may be misdiagnosed as cellulitis, tinea, or allergic contact dermatitis. We present five patients with a sharply defined erythematous swollen patch with bullae on both feet. They described soaking their feet in a fig leaves decoction to treat their underlying dermatologic diseases. Within 24 hours, all patients had a burning sensation in their feet, and erythema and edema had developed on the feet dorsa with exception of the portion of the skin covered by the sandals. Histopathologic examinations revealed sub-epithelial blisters with intensive epidermal necrosis. Phytophotodermatitis was ultimately diagnosed and, after several days, the patients' skin lesions began to recover upon treatment with systemic and topical corticosteroids. Unfortunately, since there are no studies providing sufficient evidence on the benefits of fig leaves, they should be used with caution.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Apium graveolens ; Blister ; Burns ; Cellulitis ; Citrus aurantiifolia ; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact ; Edema ; Erythema ; Ficus ; Foot ; Humans ; Necrosis ; Photosensitivity Disorders ; Sensation ; Skin ; Tinea ; Ultraviolet Rays

Phytophotodermatitis is a condition caused by sequential exposure to photosensitizing substances present in plants followed by ultraviolet light. Several plants (e.g., limes, celery, fig, and wild parsnip) contain furocoumarin compounds (psoralens). It is important for dermatologists to be aware of phytophotodermatitis because it may be misdiagnosed as cellulitis, tinea, or allergic contact dermatitis. We present five patients with a sharply defined erythematous swollen patch with bullae on both feet. They described soaking their feet in a fig leaves decoction to treat their underlying dermatologic diseases. Within 24 hours, all patients had a burning sensation in their feet, and erythema and edema had developed on the feet dorsa with exception of the portion of the skin covered by the sandals. Histopathologic examinations revealed sub-epithelial blisters with intensive epidermal necrosis. Phytophotodermatitis was ultimately diagnosed and, after several days, the patients' skin lesions began to recover upon treatment with systemic and topical corticosteroids. Unfortunately, since there are no studies providing sufficient evidence on the benefits of fig leaves, they should be used with caution.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Apium graveolens ; Blister ; Burns ; Cellulitis ; Citrus aurantiifolia ; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact ; Edema ; Erythema ; Ficus ; Foot ; Humans ; Necrosis ; Photosensitivity Disorders ; Sensation ; Skin ; Tinea ; Ultraviolet Rays

OBJECTIVETo investigate the intestinal absorption of naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin and the extract of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus in rats.

METHODThe rat intestinal perfusion and enzymes incubation models were used, together with the determination of the n-octanol/water partition coefficient of the components (P).

RESULTIn perfusion model, the P(eff) of all components were low, and the P(eff) of naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin were 0.140-0.252, 0.156-0.268 and 0.154-0.285, respectively. In four different regions of intestine of rat and with different concentration, the P(eff) of the components both had no significant difference, whereas the P(eff) of the extract were higher than the P(eff) of the single component. The metabolite of components was not detected in intestine. The P of naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin were 0.36, 0.40 and 0.48, respectively, and the pH of buffer solution had no influence to its distribution coefficient.

CONCLUSIONPoor permeation contributed to the poor intestinal absorption of naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin. The absorption of components in extract were increased, and the results suggest that the extract may enhance the intestinal absorption of the components.

Animals ; Citrus aurantiifolia ; chemistry ; Flavones ; administration & dosage ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Intestinal Absorption ; drug effects ; Male ; Plant Extracts ; administration & dosage ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley