OBJECTIVEDiscuss the trade-off between vegetative growth and reproductive growth.

METHODVegetative modules and reproductive modules by large sampling were separated and quantitative charecters of organs and pattern of reproductive allocation were analysed of reproductive allocation were analysed.

RESULTThe phenotype plasticity of quantitative charecters were significant. Reproductive biomass was increasing at different stages. The mass of reproductive investment increased significantly with increasing individual size, the opposite of reproductive allocation. There were all significant positive correlations between the seeds weight and height, total biomass, vegetative biomass, reproductive biomass, fruit numbers, fruit weight.

CONCLUSIONThe significance of phenotype plasticity is the cause of multiple elements. In the process of transferring from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, there was a trade-off between organs. Under individual growth and reproductive strategy, the variation of biomass was allocated coordinately.

Cistanches Herba(CH), a valuable medicinal material which has long been used, originated from Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica. It has a wealth of names, such as Rousongrong, Heisiming, Dijing, and Dayun. The definition on the original plants which are parasitic and distributed in the unique environments in remote areas has been confusing, resulting in the emergence of various counterfeits and substitutes. Moreover, the records on the property, flavor, tropism, and indications of CH are also different. In order to further explore the cultural connotation and medicinal value of CH and further clarify its source and harvesting and processing methods, this study conducted further classical literature research on its name, harvesting and processing, property and flavor, meridian tropism, efficacy and clinical use, and textual research on its source and habitats, providing a reference for research, clinical medication, development and utilization, and industry development of CH.
Cistanche ; Materia Medica ; Publications ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal

The genus Orobanche, Cistanche and Boschniakia are taxonomically classified as members of Orobanchaceae. The medicinal plants of these three genera are closely related, and their traditional curative effects are similar. As representative compounds, phenethyl glycosides are predominantly dominant type both in amount and in chemical structural varieties, which are considered to be the important bioactive material basis of these genera. In this paper, phenethyl glycosides and their pharmacological activities are described in a single list. In addition, the other compounds were also reviewed in order to better compare the difference of the bioactive substances. These findings have important reference value for effective development and rational utilization of resources of medicinal plants in the family Orobanchaceae.
Cistanche ; Glycosides ; Orobanchaceae ; Orobanche ; Plants, Medicinal

Several Orobanche medicinal plants sometimes served as alternative sources of Cistanches Herba, attributing to the benefits such as tonifying kidney, strengthening tendons and bones. Among them, O. coerulescens, O. cernua and O. pycnostachya have been widely utilized in northern China for treatments of pains in the loins and knees, impotence, and spermatorrhea. However, their chemical profiles haven't been elucidated. In the present study, UHPLC-IT-TOF-MS was implemented to conduct in-depth chemome profiling of O. coerulescens, O. cernua and O. pycnostachya, aiming to achieve a comprehensive chemical characterization and to provide pronounced information for the quality control and clinical applications. An ACE Ultra-Core 2.5 Super C_(18)(3.0 mm×150 mm, 2.5 μm) column was deployed for chromatographic separations, and high-resolution MS~n spectra were recorded by IT-TOF-MS. Forty-eight components, in total, were observed, and thirty-eight ones were structurally annotated according to proposing mass fragmentation patterns, matching with relevant databases. Particularly, nine ones were confirmed by reference compounds. Overall, the chemical compositions of O. coerulescens and O. cernua are quite similar, and differences occur between O. pycnostachya and the prior two ones; primary chemical family is phenylethanoid glycosides, and several lignan glycosides as well as iridoid glycosides are also observed; the primary components include acteoside, isoacteoside, crenatoside and 2'-acetylacteoside, etc.
China ; Cistanche ; Glycosides ; Male ; Orobanche ; Plants, Medicinal

Cistanche tubulosa and Laminaria japonica have been reported to have anti-oxidative, anticoagulant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. They are expected to be a promising candidates for promoting hair growth and treating dandruff and scalp inflammation as a consequence. In this double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, we investigated the efficacy of Cistanche tubulosa extract and Laminaria japonica extract complex (MK-R7) in promoting hair health in patients with mild to moderate patterned hair loss. Using phototrichogram (Folliscope 4.0, LeadM, Seoul, Korea), we compared the density and diameter of hairs in patients receiving a placebo or Cistanche tubulosa extract and Laminaria japonica extract complex (MK-R7) at baseline, 8 and 16 weeks of the study. In order to determine the efficacy of treatment on dandruff and scalp inflammation, investigator's assessment score and patient's subjective score were also performed. We found a statistically significant increase in the hair density of the test group (n = 45, MK-R7 400 mg) after 16 weeks of consuming the MK-R7 (test group: 23.29 n/cm2 +/- 24.26, control: 10.35 n/cm2 +/- 20.08, p < 0.05). In addition, we found a statistically significant increase in hair diameter in the test group compared to control group at week 16 (test group: 0.018 mm +/- 0.015, control: 0.003 mm +/- 0.013, p < 0.05). There were also significant outcomes regarding the investigator's visual assessment and patient's subjective score of dandruff and scalp inflammation in the test group compared to those in control group. Based on the results of this clinical study, we conclude that Cistanche tubulosa extract and Laminaria japonica extract complex (MK-R7) are promising substances for promoting health of the scalp and hair.
Cistanche* ; Dandruff ; Hair* ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Laminaria* ; Scalp* ; Seoul

To study the diversity of endophytic fungi community from Cistanche deserticola, samples were collected from two planting bases in Inner Mongolia and Ningxia autonomous regions separately in spring and autumn. As a result, 618 strains of endophytic fungi had been isolated from samples. It was identified that 453 of the strains which accounted for 73.30% were spore strains, respectively belonging to 24 genera, and Fusarium (25.89%) and Acremonium (16.99%) were determined as dominant species. Number and species of endophytic fungi from C. deserticola showed a great diversity, and the differences of parts, localities and seasons were demonstrated.
Biodiversity ; China ; Cistanche ; microbiology ; Fungi ; classification ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Seasons

OBJECTIVETo analyze the appropriate producing area of Cistanche tubulosa by mean of TCMGIS-I.

METHODThe TCMGIS-I (Suitability evaluation geographic information system of traditional Chinese medicine producing area) was used to analyze the appropriate producing area of C. tubulosa basing on the optimum ecological factors of Sorth Sinkiang municipality which is the traditional producing area of C. tubulosa.

RESULTThe suitable producing areas of C. tubulosa include 56 counties with 190952.1 km2 total areas in Sinkiang municipality, Neimongd municipality and Gansu province; Sinkiang municipality, Gansu and Qinghai provinces have the second-suitable producing areas of C. tubulosa, with 46 counties and 41217.37 km2 total areas; Sinkiang municipality, Inner Mongolia municipality, Gansu province and Ningxia municipality have the third-suitable producing areas of C. tubulosa with 56 counties and 421145.2 km2 total areas.

CONCLUSIONIt is important to analyze the appropriate producing area of C. tubulosa by means of TCMGIS-I. The results are useful for development of C. tubulosa transplanting and cultivation.

Cistanche Herba is one of precious traditional Chinese medicine, which original wild plant resources dropped sharply in recent years. It is urgent to make sustainable utilization. The genus of Cistanche is a total parasitic plant, its physiological ecology and nutrition transfer are very particular. The status of the studies on habitat characteristics, parasitic mechanism and nutrient transport of Cistanche was reviewed, prospect was also given. It can provide reference for the further basic and applied studies on the nutrition transfer, germplasm quality and agriculture practice.
Agriculture ; Biological Transport ; Cistanche ; metabolism ; parasitology ; Ecosystem ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

In this study, taking Cistanche deserticola in Xinjiang as the experimental material, the optimal process for extracting polysaccharides from C. deserticola with water extraction was studied by using single factor and orthogonal experiment. Its effects on protein removal and polysaccharides retaining were investigated by using Sevag, enzymatic method or combination of these two methods, so as to determine the optimal method for protein removal from polysaccharides of C. deserticola; the decolorization and purification methods such as macroporous resin of AB-8 and activated Carbon were used to determine the optimal process. The results showed that the extraction rate of polysaccharides from C. deserticola was 18.40% during the optimal process of the water extraction as follows: extraction temperature 75 ℃, extraction time 165 min and solid-liquid ratio 1∶55. The protein removal rate can reach 31.40% and polysaccharide retention rate can reach 96.00% under the optimal protein removal process: temperature 50 ℃, time 2 h, and papain dosage 0.2%. The decolorization rate of activated Carbon and macroporous resin called AB-8 was 80.37% and 86.43%, and the recovery rate of polysaccharides was 77.05% and 91.93%, respectively, suggesting that macroporous resin was more suitable for decoloration. Macroporous resin named AB-8 increased the purity of the polysaccharide crude extract from 67.70% to 84.80% under the following conditions: concentration of the sample 4 g·L~(-1), concentration of the eluent 60% ethanol, and the flow rate 1 mL·min~(-1), showing significant purification effect.
Cistanche ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; Polysaccharides ; isolation & purification ; Temperature ; Water

The anti-inflammatory effects of fuciodan and Cistanche tubulosa (CT) extract were investigated in vitro macrophage culture system and in vivo carrageenan-induced air pouch inflammation model. CT extract inhibited nitric oxide production from activated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, while fucoidan was inactive. In vivo air pouch inflammation model, carrageenan-induced vascular exudation and increased nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 concentrations in the exudates were synergistically suppressed by co-administration of fucoidan or CT extract. Moreover, tissue inflammation was substantially attenuated by the combinational therapy. However, there was no synergistic effect against the inflammatory cell infiltration, although fucoidan and CT extract each markedly reduced the cell numbers. Therefore, it is suggested that fucoidan blocks infiltration of inflammatory cells, while CT extract inhibits activation of the cells, and that their combinational treatment could be a promising candidate for the relief of various types of inflammation.
Carrageenan ; Cell Count ; Cistanche ; Dinoprostone ; Exudates and Transudates ; Inflammation ; Laminaria ; Macrophages ; Nitric Oxide ; Polysaccharides