OBJECTIVETo assess the bacterial profile and pattern of antibiotic resistance of urinary tract infections (UTIs) pathogens and to determine its clinical impact on management.

METHODSMidstream urine samples were submitted for culture from 1998 to 2002, and 798 isolates were obtained for antimicrobial susceptibility testing including amikacin (AMK), ampicillin (AMP), cefzolin (CFZ), cefuroxime (CXM), ceftriaxone (CRO), ceftaxime (CTX), ceftazidime (CAZ), nalidixoc acid (NAL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), nitrofurantoin (NIT) for Gram-negative bacteria and oxcillin (OXA), ampicillin (AMP), cefzolin (CFZ), ciprofloxacin (CIP), gentamicin (Gen), vancomycin (VAN), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), nitrofurantoin (NIT) for Gram-positive cocci. beta-lactamases and ESBLs were tested when needed.

RESULTSEnterobacteriaceae was the most frequently isolated pathogen. Among all the isolates, Escherichia coli accounted for 66.0%, followed by Enterococcus (6.5%), Klebsiella spp. (6.0%), Staphylococcus (5.4%). High resistance rates to CIP (56.0%), SXT (67.0%) and AMP (78.9%) were observed among the E. coli. CIP-resistant E. coli strains are being isolated with increasing frequency. From 1998 to 2002 the incidence of CIP-resistant increased steadily from 46.6% to 59.4%. A higher resistance rate to NAL was apparent. In contrast, NIT displayed a resistance rate of 8.9%, and AMK 4.9%. The ESBLs positive rate was 12.9% among the E. coli and 33.3% among the Klebsiella spp. respectively. A high resistance rate to CIP was also observed among the Staphylococcus (38.1%), Enterococcus (61.5%) and Streptococcus (85.0%), and the beta-lactamases positive rate was 95.2% among the Staphylococcus, but a lower resistance rate to NIT among Staphylococcus (2.4%) and Enterococcus (11.5%).

CONCLUSIONSResistance rates among common uropathogens continue to evolve and appear to be increasing to many commonly used agents especially to quinolones. Continued surveillance of resistance rates among uropathogens is needed to ensure appropriate recommendations for the treatment of the infections. Currently, the most appropriate agent for the empirical management of UTIs seems to be nitrofurantoin.

Ciprofloxacin ; therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Nitrofurantoin ; therapeutic use ; Urinary Tract Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology

PURPOSE: The combined use of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medicine to manage bacterial endotoxin-induced inflammation following injuries or diseases is increasing. The cytokine level produced by macrophages plays an important role in this treatment course. Ciprofloxacin and indomethacin, two typical representatives of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medicine, are cost-effective and has been reported to show satisfactory effect. The current study aims to investigate the effect of ciprofloxacin along with indomethacin on the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by macrophages in vitro. METHODS: Primary murine peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells were administrated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. The related optimal dose and time point of ciprofloxacin or indomethacin in response to macrophage inflammatory response inflammation were determined via macrophage secretion induced by LPS. Then, the effects of ciprofloxacin and indomethacin on the secretory functions and viability of various macrophages were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry analysis, especially for the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The optimal dose and time course of ciprofloxacin affecting macrophage inflammatory response were determined by testing the maximum inhibitory effect of the drugs on pro-inflammatory factors at each concentration or time point. RESULTS: According to the levels of cytokines secreted by various macrophages (1.2 × 10⁶ cells/well) after administration of 1 μg/mL LPS, the optimal dose and usage timing for ciprofloxacin alone were 80 μg/mL and 24 h, respectively, and the optimal dose for indomethacin alone was 10 μg/mL. Compared with the LPS-stimulated group, the combination of ciprofloxacin and indomethacin reduced the levels of IL-1β (p < 0.05), IL-6 (p < 0.05), IL-10 (p < 0.01)), and TNF-α (p < 0.01). Furthermore, there was greater stability in the reduction of inflammatory factor levels in the combination group compared with those in which only ciprofloxacin or indomethacin was used. CONCLUSION The combination of ciprofloxacin and indomethacin suppressed the levels of inflammatory cytokines secreted by macrophages in vitro. This study illustrates the regulatory mechanism of drug combinations on innate immune cells that cause inflammatory reactions. In addition, it provides a new potential antibacterial and anti-inflammatory treatment pattern to prevent and cure various complications in the future.
Humans ; Mice ; Animals ; Cytokines ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology* ; Interleukin-10 ; Indomethacin/therapeutic use* ; Interleukin-6/therapeutic use* ; Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use* ; Macrophages ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Inflammation/drug therapy* ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use*

Gemifloxacin is an enhanced-affinity fluoroquinolone with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. In Korea, resistant bacteria are relatively more prevalent than in other industrialized countries. In this study, we studied the in vitro activities of gemifloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and other commonly used antimicrobial agents against 1,689 bacterial strains isolated at four Korean university hospitals during 1999-2000. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the agar dilution method of National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Gemifloxacin had the lowest MICs for the respiratory pathogens: 90% of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae were inhibited by 0.06, 0.03, and 0.03 mg/L, respectively. Gemifloxacin was more active than the other fluoroquinolones against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, streptococci, and Enterococcus faecalis. The MIC90s of gemifloxacin for Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus vulgaris, and nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. were 0.25, 1.0, and 0.12 mg/L, respectively, while those for other Gram-negative bacilli were 4-64 mg/L. In conclusion, gemifloxacin was the most active among the comparative agents against Gram-positive species, including respiratory pathogens isolated in Korea.
Anti-Infective Agents/*therapeutic use ; *Aza Compounds ; Bacteria/*drug effects ; Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use ; *Fluoroquinolones ; Haemophilus influenzae/drug effects ; Korea ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Moraxella/drug effects ; Naphthyridines/*therapeutic use ; Ofloxacin/therapeutic use ; *Quinolines ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/drug effects

BACKGROUNDA prior study showed significant antibiotic resistance to quinolone in our population. In this study we aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of a single versus a combined prophylactic antibiotic regimen before transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUGPB).

METHODSA prospective randomized study was conducted at a university hospital. Patients undergoing TRUGPB were randomized into an amoxicillin-clavulanate alone (1 mg; one dose before and two doses after biopsy) or an amoxicillin-clavulanate + ciprofloxacin group (250 mg; one dose before and two doses after biopsy). Patients were surveyed for infection symptoms by phone on days 3 and 30 after TRUGPB. We defined an infective complication as the occurrence of symptoms including fever, chills or rigor within 30 days after prostate biopsy, requiring medical treatment or hospitalization, aided by a territory-wide electronic medical record system.

RESULTSBetween November 2007 and July 2009, 367 patients were randomized to either amoxicillin-clavulanate alone or amoxicillin-clavulanate + ciprofloxacin group. The infection rates after TRUGPB were 3.91% in the former group (7 out of 179 patients) versus 0.53% (1 out of 188 patients) in the latter. Sixty-three percent (5/8) of patients with infective complications needed hospitalization. There was no intensive care unit admission or mortality during the study period.

CONCLUSIONSCombining prophylactic antibiotics with amoxicillin-clavulanate + ciprofloxacin significantly reduced the incidence of infective complications after TRUGPB. We recommended a combination regimen, especially in centre with high incidence of post-TRUGPB infection.

Amoxicillin ; therapeutic use ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Antibiotic Prophylaxis ; methods ; Biopsy, Needle ; adverse effects ; methods ; Ciprofloxacin ; therapeutic use ; Clavulanic Acid ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Prostate ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; surgery ; Rectum ; Ultrasonography

Acute phlegmonous gastritis is an uncommon disease, often fatal condition characterized by suppurative bacterial infection of the gastric wall. It has a high mortality rate mainly because the diagnosis is usually made late. Until recently, gastrectomy in combination with antibiotics was recommended. We had experienced a case of 66-year-old man presented with epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and hematemesis, followed by aspiration pneumonia. At upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, the gastric lumen was narrow, and the mucosa was severely inflamed, which was erythematous, swelled, and showed necrotic areas covered with purulent exudate. Klebsiella oxytoca and Acinetobacter lwoffii were isolated in the gastric tissue culture. Contrast-enhanced computerized tomography scan of abdomen demonstrated diffuse gastric wall thickening and an intramural abscess in the gastric antral wall. Although delayed gastric emptying by gastroparesis prolonged the in-hospital period, the only medical treatment with antibiotics alone successfully cured the patient without gastrectomy.
Acinetobacter/isolation & purification ; Acute Disease ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*therapeutic use ; Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use ; Cefotaxime/therapeutic use ; Ceftriaxone/therapeutic use ; Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Gastritis/*diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Gastroparesis/*diagnosis/microbiology ; Gastroscopy ; Humans ; Imipenem/therapeutic use ; Klebsiella oxytoca/isolation & purification ; Male ; Ofloxacin/therapeutic use ; Pneumonia/diagnosis/drug therapy ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

No abstract available.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Bacteremia/*drug therapy ; Cephalosporins/therapeutic use ; Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use ; Community-Acquired Infections/*drug therapy ; Cross Infection/*drug therapy ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Humans ; Klebsiella Infections/*drug therapy ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo explore the efficacy of compound ciprofloxacin suppository (CCS) combined with Ningbitai (NBT) and Yunnan Baiyao (YB) capsules in the treatment of histological prostatitis with elevated levels of PSA.

METHODSThis study included 150 cases of type IIIA histological prostatitis, with PSA levels ranging from 4 to 50 microg/L. After 1 month's treatment with oral Levofloxacin tablets at 0.5 g qd, the PSA levels remained high in 86 patients. Prostate cancer was excluded by transrectal ultrasound-guided prostatic biopsy, and histological prostatitis was confirmed in 65 patients, who were assigned to an experimental group (n=45) and a control group (n=20) to receive CCS combined with NBT and YB capsules and CCS with NBT only, respectively, both for 4 weeks. We determined the PSA levels, obtained NIH-CPSI scores before and after medication, and compared them between the two groups.

RESULTSThe two groups were well balanced in demographics and baseline characteristics. After treatment, both showed significant differences in the PSA level, PSA density (PSAD) and CPSI scores from the baseline (P<0.05), and there were also statistically significant differences between the two groups in the changes of the PSA level and CPSI scores after medication (P = 0.029 and 0.001).

CONCLUSIONCompound ciprofloxacin suppository combined with Ningbitai and Yunnan Baiyao capsules can significantly decrease the level of serum PSA and relieve related symptoms in III A histological prostatitis with PSA elevation, and Yunnan Baiyao capsules can significantly enhance the therapeutic effect.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Ciprofloxacin ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; blood ; Prostatitis ; blood ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Suppositories ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use

A 62-yr-old woman with an autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) was admitted to our hospital for further evaluation of intermittent fever, nausea and left flank discomfort. The computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a gas-forming, infectious cyst of approximately 8.1 cm in size in left kidney lower pole. Escherichia coli was identified from the cyst fluid culture examination. Her symptoms improved only after the concomitant use of intravenous ciprofloxacin and an intracystic irrigation of ciprofloxacin through a percutaneous cystostomy drainage. Our case presents the successfully treated emphysematous cyst infection with combination of intravenous antibiotics and intracystic antibiotic therapy instead of surgical management.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/*therapeutic use ; Ciprofloxacin/*therapeutic use ; Cystostomy ; Cysts/microbiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/complications/*drug therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous ; Middle Aged ; Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/complications/*diagnosis ; Therapeutic Irrigation ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Malakoplakia is a rare granulomatous disease that occurs commonly in the urinary tract and secondarily in the gastrointestinal tract. Most reported cases of malakoplakia are associated with immunosuppressive diseases or chronic prolonged illness. Here, we report a rare case of malakoplakia in a young healthy adolescent without any underlying disease. A 19-year-old female was referred to our hospital following the discovery of multiple rectal polyps with sigmoidoscopy. She had no specific past medical history but complained of recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhea for 3 months. A colonoscopy revealed diverse mucosal lesions including plaques, polyps, nodules, and mass-like lesions. Histological examination revealed a sheet of histiocytes with pathognomonic Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. We treated the patient with ciprofloxacin, the cholinergic agonist bethanechol, and a multivitamin for 6 months. A follow-up colonoscopy revealed that her condition was resolved with this course of treatment.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Bethanechol/therapeutic use ; Biopsy ; Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use ; *Colon/drug effects/pathology ; *Colonic Diseases/diagnosis/therapy ; Colonoscopy ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Humans ; *Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects/pathology ; *Malacoplakia/diagnosis/therapy ; Muscarinic Agonists/therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome ; Vitamins/therapeutic use ; Young Adult

BACKGROUNDAcute diarrhea remains the serious problem in developing countries, especially among children under 5 years of age. Currently, only two or three common diarrhea pathogens were screened at most hospitals in China. The aim of this study was to provide a wide variety of diarrhea pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in children under 5 years of age.

METHODSTotally 381 stool samples collected from Tongji Hospital between July 1, 2014 and June 30, 2015 were tested by culture and/or polymerase chain reaction for eight kinds of bacteria and five kinds of viruses. An antimicrobial sensitivity test was performed using dilution method recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.

RESULTSViral infections were mainly identified in infants (0-11 months), whereas bacterial infections were more prevalent in the age of 24-59 months. About 69.8% of samples were positive for at least one pathogen, 51.7% of samples were virus positive, followed by bacteria positive cases (19.4%), and 12.6% of cases displayed co-infections with two viruses or a virus and a bacterium. Rotavirus was the most prevalent pathogen, followed closely by norovirus, while Salmonella was the most commonly isolated bacteria, followed by diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) and Campylobacter. More than 40% of Salmonella spp. and DEC isolates were resistant to first-line antibiotics (ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline). Around 10% of Salmonella spp. isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin simultaneously. Campylobacter spp. displayed high resistance to ciprofloxacin but kept low resistance to azithromycin and doxycycline.

CONCLUSIONSThe etiology of acute diarrhea varies in children of different age groups. The high frequency of infection with viruses suggests the urgent demand for new viral vaccine development. Proper use of antibiotics in the treatment of acute diarrhea is crucial due to the high level of antibiotic resistance.

Acute Disease ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Azithromycin ; therapeutic use ; Campylobacter ; drug effects ; pathogenicity ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Ciprofloxacin ; therapeutic use ; Diarrhea ; drug therapy ; etiology ; microbiology ; virology ; Doxycycline ; therapeutic use ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; pathogenicity ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Salmonella ; drug effects ; pathogenicity