As a new culture mediwn for the Ciliate, Balantidium coili, isolated from a plantar ulcer of a leprosy patient, Sabouraud glucose agar medium(SGA) had several advantages: 1. it was easily made, and 2) the culture grew faster and longer than any previriusly discovered media. Of the contents of SGA, dextrose and peptene are essential nutrient, for the growth of Balantidium coli. When we cultivated Balantidiuum coli. we founund that it produced a nuueoid eubstance and a sweet smilling arcma, forming a colony like tacteria The new straining metlnd for Balantiduin coli. were 3% iodine and carbol-fuchsin stain which atained trophazaite, and cysts more sirnply and distinctly, retaining their original form.
Agar ; Balantidium* ; Ciliophora* ; Foot Ulcer* ; Glucose ; Humans ; Iodine ; Leprosy*

The self-splicing group I intron from Tetrahymena thermophila has been demonstrated to perform splicing reaction with its substrate RNA in the trans configuration. In this study, we explored the potential use of the trans-splicing group I ribozymes to replace a specific RNA with a new RNA that exerts any new function we want to introduce. We have chosen thymidine phosphorylase (TP) RNA as a target RNA that is known as a valid cancer prognostic factor. Cancer-specific expression of TP RNA was first evaluated with RT-PCR analysis of RNA from patients with gastric cancer. We determined next which regions of the TP RNA are accessible to ribozymes by employing an RNA mapping strategy, and found that the leader sequences upstream of the AUG start codon appeared to be particularly accessible. A specific ribozyme recognizing the most accessible sequence in the TP RNA with firefly luciferase transcript as a 3' exon was then developed. The specific trans-splicing ribozyme transferred an intended 3' exon tag sequence onto the targeted TP transcripts, resulting in a more than two fold induction of the reporter activity in the presence of TP RNA in mammalian cells, compared to the absence of the target RNA. These results suggest that the Tetrahymena ribozyme can be a potent anti-cancer agent to modify TP RNAs in tumors with a new RNA harboring anti-cancer activity.
Codon, Initiator ; Exons ; Fireflies ; Humans ; Introns ; Luciferases ; RNA* ; RNA, Catalytic ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Tetrahymena ; Tetrahymena thermophila ; Thymidine Phosphorylase ; Trans-Splicing*

During a survey of fungal species in South Korea, a species of Volutella ciliata was isolated and described based on the analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of its rDNA and its morphological characteristics. This is the first record of Volutella ciliata isolated from crop field soil in Korea.
Ciliophora* ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Korea ; Sensilla ; Soil*

Ciliates are one of the oldest living eukaryotic unicellular organisms, widely distributed in the waters around the world. As a typical marine oligotrich ciliate, Strombidium sulcatum plays an important role in marine food webs and energy flow. Here we report the first deep sequencing and analyses of RNA-Seq data from Strombidium sulcatum. We generated 42,640 unigenes with an N50 of 1,451 bp after de novo assembly and removing rRNA, mitochondrial and bacteria contaminants. We employed SPOCS to detect orthologs from S. sulcatum and 17 other ciliates, and then carried out the phylogenomic reconstruction using 127 single copy orthologs. In phylogenomic analyses, concatenated trees have similar topological structures with concordance tree on the class level. Together with phylogenetic networks analysis, it aroused more doubts about the placement of Protocruzia, Mesodinium and Myrionecta. While epiplasmic proteins are known to be related to morphological characteristics, we found the potential relationship between gene expression of epiplasmic proteins and morphological characteristics. This work supports the use of high throughput approaches for phylogenomic analysis as well as correlation analysis between expression level of target genes and morphological characteristics.
Ciliophora ; genetics ; metabolism ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Protozoan ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transcriptome ; physiology

Panax japonicus is a traditional Chinese medicine,and its principle components have shown certain pharmacological activities for cell damage,aging and cell apoptosis. In order to clarify the pharmacological mechanism and involved metabolic pathways of P. japonicas,the gene expression of Tetrahymena thermophila under P. japonicus treatment was analyzed through high-throughput transcriptome sequencing in this study. Based on the transcriptome analysis,3 544 differentially expressed genes were identified in control group,of which 1 945 genes showed up-regulated expression and 1 599 genes showed down-regulated expression. Under P. japonicas treatment in the experiment group,3 312 differentially expressed genes were screened,of which 1 `493 genes showed up-regulated expression and 1 819 genes showed down-regulated expression. GO enrichment analysis indicated that in control group,the genes in the cells in a series of fundamental biological process were down-regulated,such as DNA replication and protein synthesis; while the signal transduction process and fatty acids oxidizing process were enriched. Whereas in the experiment group,down-regulated genes were mainly enriched in oxidation-reduction,cofactor metabolic process and vitamin metabolic process; up-regulated genes were enriched in signal transduction process and protein modification process. In the analysis using KEGG database,cell cycle pathway was enhanced and autophagy pathway was inhibited under the condition of P. japonicas treatment. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction( RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression differences between 6 up-regulated and 4 down-regulated genes in related metabolic pathways. The RT-q PCR results and RNA-Seq data were highly correlated and consistent with each other. This study could provide important direction and basis for further study on the mechanism of cell growth regulation with the treatment of P. japonica.
Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Panax ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Tetrahymena thermophila ; drug effects ; genetics ; Transcriptome

Fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics are an important class of synthetic antibacterial agents. These are the most extensively used drugs for treating bacterial infections in the field of both human and veterinary medicine. Herein, the antibacterial and pharmacological properties of four fluoroquinolones: lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin have been studied. The objective of this study was to analyze the antibacterial characteristics of the different fluoroquinolones. Also, the pharmacological properties of the compounds including the Lipinski rule of five, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, LD50, drug likeliness, and toxicity were evaluated. We found that among all four FQ molecules, ofloxacin showed the highest antibacterial activity through in silico assays with a strong interaction (−38.52 kJ/mol) with the antibacterial target protein (topoisomerase-II DNA gyrase enzyme). The pharmacological and pharmacokinetic analysis also showed that the compounds ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, lomefloxacin and norfloxacin have good pharmacological properties. Notably, ofloxacin was found to possess an IGC50 (concentration needed to inhibit 50% growth) value of 0.286 μg/L against the Tetrahymena pyriformis protozoa. It also tested negative for the Ames toxicity test, showing its non-carcinogenic character.
Absorption ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacterial Infections ; Ciprofloxacin ; Computer Simulation ; DNA Gyrase ; Fluoroquinolones* ; Humans ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Metabolism ; Norfloxacin ; Ofloxacin ; Tetrahymena pyriformis ; Toxicity Tests ; Veterinary Medicine

This study assessed the toxicity of melamine against the unicellular eukaryotic system of Tetrahymena (T.) pyriformis exposed to 0, 0.05, 0.25, 0.5, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL of melamine. Cell growth curves of different cultures, the half maximum inhibition concentration (IC50) value of melamine, and morphological changes in cells were obtained via optical and transmission electron microscopic observation. The effects of eleven melamine concentrations, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5 and 5 mg/mL, on protein expression levels of T. pyriformis were examined using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The results showed an obvious inhibitory effect of melamine on the growth of eukaryotic cells. Cell growth dynamics indicated that the IC50 value of melamine on T. pyriformis was 0.82 mg/mL. The cellular morphology was also affected in a concentration-dependent manner, with characteristics of atrophy or cell damage developing in the presence of melamine. The relative contents of the top four main proteins corresponding to peak mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) of 4466, m/z 6455, m/z 6514, and m/z 7772 in the MALDI-TOF-MS spectra were all found to be closely correlated with the melamine concentrations. In conclusion, exposure of eukaryotic cells to melamine could inhibit cell growth, cause changes in cytomorphology and even disturb the expression of proteins in a concentration-dependent manner. The described method of examining four sensitive proteins affected by melamine was also proposed to be used in a preliminary study to identify protein biomarkers in T. pyriformis.
Animal Feed/analysis/toxicity ; Biological Markers/analysis ; Food Additives/analysis/toxicity ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Protozoan Proteins/analysis ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser De ; Tetrahymena pyriformis/cytology/*drug effects ; Triazines/*toxicity

Meiotic recombination is carried out through a specialized pathway for the formation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) made by the Spo11 protein. The present study shed light on the functional role of cyclin, CYC2, in Tetrahymena thermophila which has transcriptionally high expression level during meiosis process. Knocking out the CYC2 gene results in arrest of meiotic conjugation process at 2.5-3.5 h after conjugation initiation, before the meiosis division starts, and in company with the absence of DSBs. To investigate the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon, a complete transcriptome profile was performed between wild-type strain and CYC2 knock-out strain. Functional analysis of RNA-Seq results identifies related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including SPO11 and these DEGs are enriched in DNA repair/mismatch repair (MMR) terms in homologous recombination (HR), which indicates that CYC2 could play a crucial role in meiosis by regulating SPO11 and participating in HR.
Cell Cycle Checkpoints ; Cyclins ; genetics ; metabolism ; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; DNA Mismatch Repair ; DNA Repair ; Endodeoxyribonucleases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Homologous Recombination ; Meiosis ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Phenotype ; Protozoan Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Tetrahymena thermophila ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transcriptome

Although empirically well understood in their clinical administration, volatile anesthetics are not yet well comprehended in their mechanism studies. A major conundrum emerging from these studies is that there is no validated model to assess the presumed candidate sites of the anesthetics. We undertook this study to test the hypothesis that the single-celled Paramecium could be anesthetized and served as a model organism in the study of anesthetics. We assessed the motion of Paramecium cells with Expert Vision system and the chemoresponse of Paramecium cells with T-maze assays in the presence of four different volatile anesthetics, including isoflurane, sevoflurane, enflurane and ether. Each of those volatiles was dissolved in buffers to give drug concentrations equal to 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 EC50, respectively, in clinical practice. We could see that after application of volatile anesthetics, the swimming of the Paramecium cells was accelerated and then suppressed, or even stopped eventually, and the index of the chemoresponse of the Paramecium cells (denoted as I ( che )) was decreased. All of the above impacts were found in a concentration-dependent fashion. The biphasic effects of the clinical concentrations of volatile anesthetics on Paramecium simulated the situation of high species in anesthesia, and the inhibition of the chemoresponse also indicated anesthetized. In conclusion, the findings in our studies suggested that the single-celled Paramecium could be anesthetized with clinical concentrations of volatile anesthetics and therefore be utilized as a model organism to study the mechanisms of volatile anesthetics.
Anesthetics, Inhalation ; administration & dosage ; Biological Assay ; methods ; Cell Movement ; drug effects ; physiology ; Chemotaxis ; drug effects ; physiology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; methods ; Paramecium tetraurelia ; drug effects ; physiology ; Volatile Organic Compounds ; administration & dosage

Balantidium coli is the only pathogenic ciliate parasitizing humans. Balantidium coli is widely distributed in hogs, particularly in warm and temperate climates, and in monkeys in the tropics. It is infrequently pathogenic for man. Balantidium coli is considered as a possible pathogen in immunocompromised patients. The infection fundamentally affects the colon and cause variable clinical pictures, from asymptomatic to serious dysenteric forms. Apart from intestinal involvement there have been reports on lung, liver, vagina infection by Balantidium coli. Balantidium coli were observed in the gastric juice of neonate. this is first report of asymptomatic balantidiasis in neonate.
Balantidiasis ; Balantidium ; Climate ; Colon ; Gastric Juice ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Infant, Newborn ; Liver ; Lung ; Vagina