Cilia ; ultrastructure ; Humans ; Maxillary Sinus ; ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Mucous Membrane ; ultrastructure

OBJECTIVE: To observe the micromorphological characteristic of bacterial biofilm on mucosa of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). METHOD: Mucosa samples of middle turbinate were obtained from 4 patients of CRS during ESS. The size of each sample was about 4 mm x 4 mm. The samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 hours, then fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide for 2 hours, graded dehydration with ethanol, dried with carbon dioxide and sputter coated with gold. The ultrastructure of these samples was observed by scanning electron microscope. RESULT: Bacterial biofilms were found on samples in all 4 patients. The biofilms were mainly formed on the surface of cilia. The bacterial flagella and cilia were intertwined. The biofilms could be found in a lot kinds of bacterial infections or mixed infections which were caused by multiple bacteria and fungi. CONCLUSION Bacterial biofilm could be formed on ciliated epithelia.
Bacterial Infections ; microbiology ; Biofilms ; Cilia ; microbiology ; ultrastructure ; Epithelium ; microbiology ; ultrastructure ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Sinusitis ; microbiology

Cell Movement ; Cilia ; physiology ; Epithelial Cells ; physiology ; ultrastructure ; Humans ; Hypermastigia ; ultrastructure ; Protozoan Infections ; diagnosis

In order to describe the developmental anatomy of the murine eustachian tube and its related structures, seventy six mice of ages ranging from gestational day 11 to postnatal day 21 were investigated through the light and electron microscopic observations. Development of the ciliated cells was seen concurrently in both the eustachian tube and middle ear on the 16 th gestation day, one day earlier than the epithelial secretory cells appeared in both the eustachian tube and middle ear. The number of ciliated cells and secretory cells increased rapidly after birth. Tubal glands were well identified with evidence of secretory activity around the time of birth. Thus, the findings of this study indicate that the mucociliary defense system starts to develop during the fetal stage and is well established immediately after birth.
Animal ; Animals, Newborn ; Cilia/physiology/ultrastructure ; Epithelium/ultrastructure ; Eustachian Tube/*cytology/embryology/ultrastructure ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mucous Membrane/physiology/ultrastructure ; Pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: To observe the morphological differences between normal uncinate process(UP) mucosa and inferior turbinate mucosa, and explore the physiology function of the UP with the electron microscope. METHOD: The experiment chose 12 patients who have taken nasal endoscopic surgeries(8 cases for normal UP, 4 cases for normal inferior turbinate mucosa). During the surgery, take the mucosa upwards on the filter paper and immediately use scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy specimens for standard sample preparation methods. Observe the cilia shape, structure and the distribution and the swing direction. RESULT: (1)The internal side and the external side of UP mucosa and inferior turbinate mucosa are all pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, the shapes of cilia are classic "9+2" structures. The distribution of cilia on internal and external lateral of UP and inferior turbinate mucosa are in high density. (2)The direction of cilia on normal inferior turbinate mucosa are generally swing to up and backwards; the cilia on internal lateral of the UP generally swing towards inner side, down and backwards; the cilia on external lateral of the UP generally swing towards down and backwards. CONCLUSION The cilia on internal side and the external side of UP mucosa and inferior turbinate mucosa are in the same structure and shape, but the swing direction of cilia have their own characteristics. It can be concluded that the internal and external lateral of UP may have different functions in nasal sinuses mucus cilia clearance system.
Cilia ; ultrastructure ; Endoscopy ; Epithelium ; ultrastructure ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Nasal Mucosa ; ultrastructure ; Nasal Surgical Procedures ; Paranasal Sinuses ; Turbinates ; ultrastructure

OBJECTIVE: To characterize explore the feature of nasal mucosa ultrastructure changes after prolonged allergen challenge and to examine the relationships between nasal airway hyperresponsivity and ultrastructure ciliates changing. METHOD: We prepared rat allergic rhinitis for ovalbumin. Rats were subsequently challenged two times a week with ovalbumin from day 16 to day 42, 56, 112 and 140. We examined allergen-induced nasal symptoms and objective nasal symptoms using evaluation of symptoms and EOS. Moreover, the pathologic changes were investigated after allergen challenge. RESULT: The extended allergen challenge protocol caused significant nasal ultrastructure changing. Specifically, ultrastructure changing were characterized by disordered Ciliated cells and some sticky integrated, dumping of epithelium ciliates, even some loss. Allergen-induced nasal symptoms were first increased but gradually decreased in nasal symptoms after prolonged allergen challenge. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that ultrastructure changes of nasal mucosa ciliates in a rat allergic rhinitis model prolonged allergen exposure. Moreover, prolonged allergen exposure induced a reduction of nasal symptoms together with a progression of nasal mucosa ciliates damaging.
Animals ; Cilia ; ultrastructure ; Female ; Male ; Nasal Mucosa ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; pathology

OBJECTIVE: To observe ultrastructure of maxillary sinus mucosa of experimental acute sinusitis in rabbits. METHOD: Twenty-five rabbits were randomly divided into experimental group (20 rabbits) and blank control group (5 rabbits). We established a rhinogenic model of experimental acute sinusitis in experimental group. Five rabbits chosen randomly in experimental group were sacrificed and dissected after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks, and the tissue (0.3 cm x 0.3 cm) of sinus mucosa were prepared for visualization by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Animals in blank control group were sacrificed after 1 week. RESULT: Under the transmission electron microscope, in the blank control group, cilia of maxillary sinus mucosa lined up in order without ciliary loss, no stretched endoplasmic reticulum or turgescent mitochondria was observed. However, in the experimental group, inordinate array and loss of cilia was observed, a few compound cilia and cytoplasmic protrusion were also found. Both endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were swelling, and the lymphocytes were infiltrating with fibroblast proliferation in the submucosa. There was statistically significant difference between the experimental group and the blank control group (P < 0.05). In the experimental group, the number of compound cilia increased from 1 to 4 weeks, and the amount of compound cilia of the mucosa at 3 and 4 weeks was significantly higher than that at 1 week (P < 0.05). Swelling of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum was severe at 2 weeks and abated gradually with time, the results at 2 weeks were different from those of experimental group at 4 weeks (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The obstruction of nasal sinuses and the bacterial infection might lead to ultrastructural changes of maxillary sinus mucosa, and these ultrastructural changes were believed to the important processes of pathological changes in acute sinusitis.
Acute Disease ; Animals ; Cilia ; ultrastructure ; Maxillary Sinus ; ultrastructure ; Maxillary Sinusitis ; pathology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission ; Mucous Membrane ; ultrastructure ; Rabbits ; Sinusitis ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo analyze the clinical characteristic of Kartagener syndrome in Chinese and foreign children.

METHODFour cases of Kartagener syndrome diagnosed in our hospital were analyzed with literature review. The differences between Chinese and foreign children in clinical manifestations and diagnosis were compared.

RESULTAll of the cases had the following clinical manifestations: recurrent productive cough, nasosinusitis, dextrocardia, total situs inversus and bronchiectasia. Situs inversus of the airway structure was visible under the bronchoscope, and electron microscopy of the respiratory mucosa showed an abnormal ciliary ultrastructure. By using "Kartagener syndrome" and "child" as the key words, reports on 55 Chinese cases and 61 foreign cases in children were retrieved from CNKI and PubMed databases. The average age of diagnosis was 9.16 ± 3.67 years in China, which was significantly later than 7.07 ± 4.92 years in foreign countries (t=2.642, P<0.01). The main clinical manifestations were recurrent productive cough, nasosinusitis or rhinopolyp, recurrent pulmonary infection, recurrent wheezing and otitis media. Sinus imaging showed maxillary sinusitis. Dextrocardia, total situs inversus and bronchiectasia were found on thoracic and abdominal CT. The ciliary ultrastructural analysis showed shorter and missing dynein arm (6/6 cases in China and 25/27 cases in foreign) .

CONCLUSIONThe clinical manifestations are recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infection combined with dextrocardia or other situs inversus in both China and other countries. The diagnosis abroad relied more on abnormal ciliary ultrastructure observed under electron microscopy, but in China mainly relied on its typical clinical manifestations.

Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Child ; China ; Cilia ; ultrastructure ; Humans ; Kartagener Syndrome ; diagnosis ; ethnology ; Lung ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; diagnosis ; Situs Inversus ; diagnosis

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the ultrastructural changes of the mucosa of eustachian tube in mice and to reveals the influence of eustachian tube on middle ear function and its relavence with otitis media. METHOD: 12 wild type and 12 mutant mice were divided into two groups by age to observe the the ultrastructural changes of the mucosa of eustachian tube. RESULT: Wild type mice exhibited a thick lawn of morphologically normal, distributed cilia in the mucosa of the middle ear at both time points. The cilia of mucosa of middle ear in mutant mice were short, impaired and disrupted. The impairment of the cilia progressed to a much great severity at 6 months compared to 3 months. CONCLUSION Otitis media occurs not only the ciliated cells decreased and the goblet cells increased. More importantly, the ciliary structure was damaged, leading to the dysfunction of the mucociliary transport system and causing otitis media.
Animals ; Cilia ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Disease Models, Animal ; Ear, Middle ; pathology ; Eustachian Tube ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Goblet Cells ; Mice ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Mucociliary Clearance ; Mucous Membrane ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Otitis Media ; pathology

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of intranasal steroid on nasal mucosa in rat model of allergic rhinitis (AR). METHOD: Thirty-six SD rats were randomly divided into three groups (each included 12 rats): the intranasal steroid group(group A),the allergic rhinitis group(group B) and the normal control group(group C). AR model was reproduced by ovalbumin in group A and B. The control group was allergized by NS instead of ovalbumin. Group A was used steroid spray in nasal and Group B and C was used normal saline. Then ,after the last provocation,the allergic symptoms were evaluated,the number of eosinophil (EOS) of the rats' nasal mucosa was counted under hematoxylineosin staining and the goblet cells was counted under alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff staining. The morphological changes of the rats' nasal mucosa were observed by scanning electron microscope. RESULT: Compared with group B,the inhibition of nasal symptoms was found after used of steroid spray in group A. The EOS and the goblet cells in group A was significantly different with that in Group B (P < 0.05), but no significant differences compared with group C (P > 0.05). Observed by scanning electron microscope, the cilia of the epithelium in group B were significantly lodging, disoriented, winding and secreting,while the cilia of the epithelium in Group A and C had similar appearance. CONCLUSION Intranasal steroid spray can relieve symptoms and inflammatory conditions of nasal mucosa in allergic rhinitis, and can repair injured nasal mucosa cilia.
Androstadienes ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; pharmacology ; Cilia ; ultrastructure ; Disease Models, Animal ; Inflammation ; Nasal Mucosa ; drug effects ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; drug therapy ; pathology