No abstract available.
Ciguatoxins ; Eating* ; Intestines* ; Marine Toxins ; Neurologic Manifestations* ; Quadriplegia

OBJECTIVETo establish a cell-based detection method of ciguatoxin using fluorescence assay.

METHODSMouse neuroblastoma N-2A cells were exposed to ouabain and veratridine and different concentrations of standard ciguatoxin samples (P-CTX-1) to establish the curvilinear relationship between the toxin dosage and fluorescence intensity using the sodium fluorescence probe CoroNaTM Green. The toxicity curvilinear relationship was also generated between the toxin dosage and cell survival using CCK-8 method. Based on these standard curves, the presence of ciguatoxin was detected in 33 samples of deep-sea coral fish.

RESULTSA correlation was found between the detection results of cell-based fluorescence assay and cytotoxicity assay, whose detection limit reached 103 g/ml and 1012 g/ml, respectively. The cell-based fluorescent assay sensitivity showed a higher sensitivity than cytotoxicity assay with a 2-4 h reduction of the detection time.

CONCLUSIONSThe cell-based fluorescent assay can quickly and sensitively detect ciguatoxin and may serve as a good option for preliminary screening of the toxin.

Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Ciguatoxins ; toxicity ; Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic ; methods ; Fishes ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Mice ; Sodium

Ciguatera results when ciguatoxin-contaminated coral reef fish from tropical or subtropical waters are consumed. The clinical features that present in affected persons are mainly gastrointestinal, neurological, general, and much less commonly, cardiovascular. We report the case of a 50-year-old man who developed the characteristic combination of acute gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms after the consumption of an unidentified coral reef fish head. In addition to those symptoms, he developed dizziness, severe bradycardia (46 bpm) and prolonged hypotension, which required the administration of intravenous atropine and over three days of intravenous fluid replacement with dopamine infusion. Patients with ciguatera can develop severe bradycardia and prolonged hypotension. Physicians should recognise the possible cardiovascular complications of ciguatera and promptly initiate treatment with intravenous atropine, intravenous fluid replacement and inotropic therapy if such complications are observed.
Animals ; Bradycardia ; complications ; diagnosis ; Ciguatera Poisoning ; complications ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Ciguatoxins ; adverse effects ; Fishes ; Humans ; Hypotension ; complications ; diagnosis ; Male ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVETo find out the reason of three ciguatera fish poisoning cases in Xiamen in 2005 and identify the fish species.

METHODSThe grouper implicated in food poisoning and seven other coral reef fishes collected from market were tested by mice bioassay and ciguatoxin-test kit. The mtDNA was extracted from toxic grouper meat, and Cty b gene segment was amplified and the PCR products were sequenced. The sequences were compared with those in the GenBank.

RESULTSThe result turned out to be positive by the ciguatoxin-test kit, while the toxicity of the toxic grouper implicated in food poisoning was 0.11 mouse unit (MU)/g by mice bioassay. A 475 bp segments of Cty b gene was amplified by PCR and the sequence was 99% homologous with Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (GenBank: AY950695).No ciguatoxin in six grouper species collected from market was detected.

CONCLUSIONAll three food poisoning cases were caused by consumption of ciguatoxin-carrying groupers.

Animals ; China ; Ciguatera Poisoning ; epidemiology ; Ciguatoxins ; toxicity ; Foodborne Diseases ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Perciformes ; Toxicity Tests

OBJECTIVETo review the clinical features and laboratory investigations of ciguatera patients in Hong Kong between 2004 and 2007 in order to show the timely sampling of implicated fish from ciguatera victims and application of validated mouse bioassay for confirming suspected clinical cases of ciguatera.

METHODSDiagnosis of the ciguatera victims was based on history of coral fish consumption and clinical presentations stated in official guidelines for clinical diagnosis of ciguatera fish poisoning in Hong Kong. Food remnants of coral fish samples were collected swiftly from ciguatera victims between 2004 and 2007 for ciguatoxins (CTXs) analysis.

RESULTSMajor clinical symptoms in ciguatera patients included gastrointestinal and neurological effects including limb numbness and diarrhoea, which developed at 0.5 to 15 hours after consumption of fish. In most cases, neurological symptoms were more common than gastrointestinal symptoms. A broad range of attack rate (10%-100%) was observed in each ciguatera outbreak. Validated mouse bioassay on ether extracts of the food remnant samples confirmed that all were CTXs-positive (<0.5 - 4.3 MU/20 mg ether extract) and directly linked to the corresponding ciguatera cases.

CONCLUSIONConsistency between clinical and laboratory analysis for ciguatera poisoning illustrates the application of laboratory mouse bioassay in a timely fashion for confirming ciguatera poisoning cases and implementing effective public health measures. With further improvement in laboratory techniques, features of ciguatera fish poisoning cases can be better defined. Further studies are needed to determine the risk of each class of CTXs (Pacific-, Indian- and Caribbean-CTXs) in Hong Kong.

Animals ; Biological Assay ; Ciguatera Poisoning ; blood ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Ciguatoxins ; analysis ; Disease Outbreaks ; Fishes ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; blood ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Hong Kong ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Mice ; Nervous System Diseases ; blood ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Risk Factors ; Time Factors

The frequency and scale of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) and marine algal toxin incidents have been increasing and spreading in the past two decades, causing damages to the marine environment and threatening human life through contaminated seafood. To better understand the effect of HAB and marine algal toxins on marine environment and human health in China, this paper overviews HAB occurrence and marine algal toxin incidents, as well as their environmental and health effects in this country. HAB has been increasing rapidly along the Chinese coast since the 1970s, and at least 512 documented HAB events have occurred from 1952 to 2002 in the Chinese mainland. It has been found that PSP and DSP toxins are distributed widely along both the northern and southern Chinese coasts. The HAB and marine algal toxin events during the 1990s in China were summarized, showing that the HAB and algal toxins resulted in great damages to local fisheries, marine culture, quality of marine environment, and human health. Therefore, to protect the coastal environment and human health, attention to HAB and marine algal toxins is urgently needed from the environmental and epidemiological view.
Amnesia ; chemically induced ; Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Ciguatoxins ; toxicity ; Diarrhea ; chemically induced ; Dinoflagellida ; Environment ; Eukaryota ; chemistry ; Eutrophication ; Fisheries ; Food Contamination ; Foodborne Diseases ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Humans ; Kainic Acid ; analogs & derivatives ; poisoning ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Marine Toxins ; chemistry ; poisoning ; toxicity ; Neurotoxicity Syndromes ; etiology ; Okadaic Acid ; poisoning ; Oxocins ; poisoning ; Paralysis ; chemically induced ; Seawater ; Shellfish Poisoning