No abstract available.
Biofeedback, Psychology* ; Motor Neurons*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Gait* ; Paraparesis*

No abstract available.
Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory* ; Musculocutaneous Nerve* ; Reference Values*

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of new neuromuscular symptoms and disabilities and the psychological characteristics-depressioin, anxiety, type A behavior, loneliness, and also to determine any relationships between physical and neuropsychological characteristics in a group of post-polio syndrome (PPS). METHOD: By 70 answered questionnaire, the polio survivors were grouped into PPS and Non- PPS. This questionnaire consisted of questions about acute polio problems; new health problems, fatigue severity scale, visual analog scale, weakness scale, Frenchay activity index, ambulation disability index; socio-economic problems; neuro-psychological inventories, Beck depression index, Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory, revised UCLA loneliness scale, type A personality score. RESULTS: The median time from polio to the onset of new health problems was 27.6 years. Fatigue, muscle and/or joint pain, weakness in previously affected and unaffected muscles were most common newly appearing problems. The symptoms of PPS was consistent with the distribution of the anterior horn cell; spinal cord, brain stem, cerebral hemisphere, Reticular Activating System (RAS). Neuro-psychological evaluations revealed that fatigue scale was correlated with depression, type A personality. CONCLUSION: In PPS group, pain, weakness, fatigue, autonomous symptoms, decreased concentration were more serious than in Non-PPS group. The fatigue in PPS group was correlated with type A personality, depression, sleep disturbance and concentration problem.
Anterior Horn Cells ; Anxiety ; Arthralgia ; Brain Stem ; Cerebrum ; Depression ; Equipment and Supplies ; Fatigue ; Humans ; Korea* ; Loneliness ; Muscle Fatigue ; Muscles ; Poliomyelitis ; Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome* ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Spinal Cord ; Survivors ; Type A Personality ; Visual Analog Scale ; Walking

The effect of electrical nerve stimulation are controversial because of the inconsistent variables of stimulating current and electrophysiologic study. The purposes of this study are to reconfirm the electrophysiolgic changes by electrical stimulation of the peripheral nerve that had been reported in 1993, and to monitor how long they will be maintained. In this study, the following conditioning stimulations were applied to 20 healthy volunteers; interferential current (frequency: 80 - 100 Hz, intensity: 27 - 34 mA) on the sacral paraspinal area. The H reflex, the Fresponse, and the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) of the tibial nerve were evaluated as the electrophysiologic study before, immediately after, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes after the above conditioning stimulation. The following results were obtained; 1) Latencies of the H reflex, the F response and the SEP (P1), and the F wave conduction time, the F wave conduction velocity and the F ratio in the tibial nerve conduction study were increased by conditioning stimulation of the proximal peripheral nerves (P>0.01). 2) Changes of the amplitude of the H reflex, the H/M ratio, and the amplitude (P1N1) of the tibial SEP were not significant in the same conditioning stimulation (P>0.05). 3) Prolongations of the latencies of H reflex, F response and P1 SEP of the tibial nerve were the most significant immediately after conditioning stimulation and sustained for 45 minutes after conditioning on average (P<0.01). The above results suggest that certain conditional electrical stimulation of the peripheral nerves causes reversible changes in the conduction of the H reflex, the F response and the SEP and they may be inhibitory effect of the proximal conduction via the spinal cord.
Electric Stimulation* ; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory ; H-Reflex ; Healthy Volunteers ; Peripheral Nerves* ; Spinal Cord ; Tibial Nerve

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the dose-dependent responses to botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injection on compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude and needle electromyography (EMG) in local and distant muscles. METHOD: The BTX-A (Botox , Allergan Co.) was injected to the left tibialis anterior (TA): 2, 4, 6, 8 U for each 4 Sprague-Dawley rats; 5, 10, 15, 20 U for each 2 rats. The sciatic nerve conduction and needle EMG were performed in the right and left TA immediately before BTX-A injection, on 2 days after injection, weekly for 1 to 10 weeks, and then monthly for 4 months. RESULTS: The range of dose-dependent maximal paralysis of the injected muscle was from 94% to 99.2% on 7 days after injection. With the lapse of time, the amplitudes in the left sciatic nerve conduction recovered, the abnormal spontaneous activities disappeared, and the power in spectral analysis of motor unit action potential increased. The range of dose-dependent reductions of the CMAP amplitude of the right TA was from 41.8% to 69.9% in the distant muscle, but there was no abnormal spontaneous activity in needle EMG study. As higher doses of BTX-A were injected, the degree of amplitude reduction became larger and the duration of amplitude reduction became longer in both local and distant TA muscles. CONCLUSION: We observed the dose-dependent muscle paralysis with injection of BTX-A. The systemic effects by local injection were induced and the durations of local and systemic effects were proportional to the BTX-A dosage.
Action Potentials* ; Animals ; Botulinum Toxins* ; Electromyography* ; Muscles ; Needles ; Paralysis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sciatic Nerve

The changes of anterior horn cell excitability and conduction of the nervous system by the electrical stimulation of nerve have been reported in both vivo and vitro studies. Purpose of this study is to observe the neurophysiologic changes of nerves by 10 Hz electrical stimulation on polyneuropathic peripheral nerves. Subjects were 18 diabetic polyneuropathic patients diagnosed by the conduction studies. Electrophysiologic studies were performed in both right and left tibial nerves before and after conditioning of the right tibial nerve. Electrophysiologic studies included five tests which were the sural sensory and tibial motor conduction(abductor hallucis), F response(abductor hallucis), H reflex(gastrosoleus) and somatosensory evoked potential(ankle, SEP). Ten Hz rectangular electrical current was used for the conditioning stimulation. It was applied to the popliteal tibial nerve with the tolerable maximal intensity(10-24 mA) for 5 minutes. Following changes were statistically significant in statistics after the conditioning. Prolongation of F latency (p<0.05), increases of F chronodispersion, duration and area(p<0.05), prolongation of H latency(p<0.05), increase of H amplitude(p<0.05), decrease of P1 latency of SEP(p<0.01) and increase of P1N1 amplitude of SEP(p<0.01) were seen in both conditioned and unconditioned legs. Increase of F wave conduction time(FWCT) and decrease of F wave conduction velocity (FWCV) were seen in conditioned leg(p<0.05). Above findings suggest that certain electrical stimulation of polyneuropathic nerve may cause increase of the anterior horn cell excitability, fascilitation of the SEP conduction and slowness of alpha motor conduction to and from the spinal cord.
Anterior Horn Cells ; Electric Stimulation ; Humans ; Leg ; Nervous System ; Peripheral Nerves ; Spinal Cord ; Tibial Nerve*

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship of the respiration patterns and the abdominal muscle activities during various speech productions in the adults with athetoid cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD: Subjects were 7 athetoid CPs and 7 healthy controls. Respirography and abdominal muscle activities were recorded by use of the pneumobelt and the surface EMG during their performances of six kinds of non-speech and speech tasks. RESULTS: The followings were observed in the athetoid CP. 1) Respiratory phase was irregular and variable in the intensity and period of revolution. The frequency of the respiratory phase was not different from the control in usual respiration, but higher in deep breathing. The time to persist one vowel phonation was shorter. 2) Inappropriate and frequent inspirations were occurred during speech task and the number of syllables was fewer and irregular for one speech breath. 3) The abdominal muscle activities were abrupt, irregular, inconsistent with the respiratory phase during all kinds of non-speech and speech tasks. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the abnormal respiration patterns and abdominal muscle activities contribute to the abnormal speech production of athetoid CP and their incoordination is similar to athetoid movement of the extremities. We should consider the athetoid speech production as well as the dysarthria in the athetoid CP.
Abdominal Muscles* ; Adult ; Ataxia ; Athetosis ; Cerebral Palsy ; Dysarthria ; Extremities ; Humans ; Phonation ; Respiration*

OBJECTIVE: To observe the prognostic value of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) for prediction of cerebral palsy (CP) in the high-risk neonates. METHOD: Eighty-one high-risk neonates were subjected to take the history of illness, neurological examination, developmental assessment, BAEP study within one month after birth. They had been checked for detection and management of the CP in period of 12 to 56 months after birth. Associating factors were observed about their gestational age at birth, 1-minute Apgar score, history of asphyxia and/or intubation, and hyperbilirubinemia and/or exchange transfusion. RESULTS: Abnormal BAEP findings were seen in 38 of 81 (46.9%) high-risk neonates and 6 of 81 (7.4%) were diagnosed as a CP. Five of 6 CPs and 42 of 75 non-CPs had been abnormal in BAEP study. Neonatal BAEP study showed 83.3% sensitivity, 44% specificity, 98.4% false positive and 2.9% false negative in predicting CP. Asphyxia showed high correlation with abnormality of BAEP and CP (p<0.01). Gestational age, low birth weight, toxemia, germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) grade II and intubation were correlated with CP (p<0.05) but not with the abnormality of BAEP. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that BAEP study of high-risk neonate is useful in prediction of CP because of low false negative and high sensitivity.
Apgar Score ; Asphyxia ; Brain Stem* ; Cerebral Palsy ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem* ; Gestational Age ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hyperbilirubinemia ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn* ; Intubation ; Neurologic Examination ; Parturition ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Toxemia