Objective To explore the relationship between cellular rejection and the development of allo-or xenografted primordia from different gestational ages .Methods Whole rat metanephroi from embryonic day E14～ E19 were transplanted into omenta of outbred (SD → SD ,6 groups ,n≥10 each ;E15-E17SDCsA ,3 groups ,n=15 each) ,syngeneic (Lewis→Lewis ,5 groups ,n=8 each) ,allogeneic (Lewis→BN ,E15BN n= 6 each E15BNCsA n= 10 each ,E16BNCsA n= 10 each) rats and xenogeneic (Lewis→C57groups ,E15C57 n=10 each ,E15C57CsA ,n=8 each ;Lewis→Balb/c nude mice ,3 groups ,n=10 each) recipients .Histopathology ,Banff's grading and electron microscopy (EM ) were utilized for assessing the graft development .Similarly ,biochemical indicators and creatinine clearances were measured .Results At 4 weeks post-transplantation , in SD → SD groups ,E14-E17SD metanephroi developed with Banff ' s rejections . E14/E15SD was significantly lighter than E16/E17SD ( P< 0 .01 );E18/E19SD barely developed . After cyclosporine A (CsA , 8 mg·kg -1·d-1 )dosing ,Banff's rejection of E15-E17SDCsA group lessened significantly .In Lewis→BN ,E15BN metanephroi were completely rejected .After dosing CsA (12 mg·kg -1·d-1 ) ,E15BNCsA and E16BNCsA Banff ' s rejections became alleviated . Upon a discontinuation of CsA , both metanephroi were rejected . In Lewis → Lewis , E15 ～ E17Lewis metanephroi developed well . No significant difference existed in Banff's classification (P>0 .05) .E14Lewis and E18Lewis rats had significantly poorly differentiated metanephroi than those in E16 Lewis group .In Lewis→C57BL/6 , E15 metanephroi were rejected at Day 14 post-transplantation (n= 10) and no improvement was evident after CsA dosing (15 mg·kg -1·d-1 ,n=8) .In Lewis→Balb/c nude mice ,all E15～E17Balb/c metanephroi developed well .Both light microscopy and EM examination showed normal nephrons and collecting ducts and wet weight ,creatinine or urea nitrogen of effusion showed no significant difference (P>0 .05) .E15Lewis and E16Lewis had significantly different values of wet weight and creatinine clearances from those of E15SDCsA and E16SDCsA .E15SDCsA had the greatest wet weight and the lowest creatinine clearance rate (P< 0 .01) .Conclusions After controlling rejection during allo-and xenotransplantations ,E15 ,E16 and E17 rat metanephros have similar development characteristics . And cellular immunogenic factors still remain the major barriers to their developments .

Infectious stones are produced by urease producing microorganisms, which have a fast generation rate, high recurrence and mortality rates, and are prone to complications related to infection. At present, the treatment of infectious stones includes surgical treatment and drug treatment, and the research on its treatment methods has become one of the hotspots in the field of urology. This article provides a review of the research progress in the treatment of infectious stones, with the aim of improving understanding of the treatment of infectious stones.

Objective:To explore the efficient extraction method of organic selenium from selenium-rich tea and its occurrence form.Methods:The continuous dialysis method and the subtraction method were used to optimize the extraction method of organic selenium. At the same time, the four proteins (water-soluble, salt-soluble, alcohol-soluble, alkali-soluble proteins) were sequentially extracted according to the classification and properties of Osborne soluble proteins. In vitro simulation technology was used to simulate the digestion process of selenium in selenium-rich tea in the gastrointestinal fluid, and the bioavailability of human intake of selenium and the occurrence form of organic selenium were further analyzed by atomic fluorescence spectrometer-liquid chromatography. Results:The total selenium content of selenium-rich tea was (303.12 ± 1.19) μg/kg. The contents of organic selenium measured by the continuous dialysis method and the subtraction method were (154.76 ± 9.47) and (265.02 ± 6.55) μg/kg, respectively, the difference was statistically significant ( t=- 2.56, P < 0.05). The contents of four proteins in descending order were alkali-soluble protein (29.79 g/100 g), water-soluble protein (2.52 g/100 g), salt-soluble protein (2.15 g/100 g), and alcohol-soluble protein (1.04 g/100 g), respectively. After digestion simulation of gastrointestinal fluid, the selenium content of tea samples was (203.01 ± 3.16) μg/kg, and the bioavailability of selenium was 66.97%. The content of selenomethionine (SeMet) in alcohol-soluble protein was (13.87 ± 3.21) μg/kg, and the content of selenocysteine (SeCys) was (0.82 ± 0.38) μg/kg; the content of SeMet in alkali-soluble protein was (2.59 ± 2.16) μg/kg. Conclusions:In the extraction method of organic selenium from selenium-rich tea, subtraction method is better than continuous dialysis method. SeMet in selenium-rich tea can be detected in alcohol-soluble and alkali-soluble proteins, and SeCys can be detected in alcohol-soluble protein.