Objective: To investigate quality of short term eclectic psychological counseling services. Methods: This study recruited 965 clients (4 261 sessions) at the university counseling center. The CORE-OM were implemented before and after the counseling service. Results: Except crisis subscale, proportion of high scores over cut off points in well being, anxiety, depression, physical problems, trauma, relationships, general social functioning decreased significantly after counseling ( χ 2=32.91, 42.10 , 33.75, 11.81, 29.64, 10.82, 15.55, P <0.01); Except for harm toward other subscale, scores in subjective well being, problems/symptoms, life/social dysfunctions decreased significantly after counseling ( t =15.12, 28.85, 19.96, 5.88, P <0.01). Changes in CORE-OM score among 338 out of 640 participants achieved significant reliable change index. Conclusion Short term eclectic psychological counseling in higher educational setting helps alleviate psychological distress including anxiety, depression, relationship issues.

OBJECTIVETo compare the sensitivity of Brown Norway rats (BN) with Guinea pigs (GP) as allergen assessment animal models.

METHODBN rats and GP were randomly assigned to 1 control group, 2 Bovine serum albumin group (BSA), respectively. Animals in BSA groups of BN rats and GPs were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of 0.6% BSA 1 ml on day 1, 3, 5, respectively, and irritated by intravenous injection of 2.4% BSA 1 ml on day 7 and day 14 after the last sensitization, while the same volume of normal saline was given to control group on each time point mentioned above. The allergic reactions were scored within 1 h after each irritation treatment, and the sera of both BN rats and GPs were collected to detect IgE concentration by using ELISA. The sera were also applied for passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test (PCA test) in SD rats.

RESULTNo obvious allergic reactions were observed in BSA group of GPs after each irritation treat, however, the score of allergic response in BSA group of BN rats was evidently higher than that in control group after first irritation. PCA test by using sera from BSA group of BN rats after both irritations showed the strong positive result characterized as large amount of subcutaneous effusions of Evans blue in SD rats, however, the sera from BSA group of GP were negative in PCA test. Serum IgE concentration did not increase after each irritation in BSA group of both BN rats and GP.

CONCLUSIONBN rats were more sensitive than GPs on initiative systemic anaphylaxis test and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test. Meanwhile, BN rats has an advantage in experimental treatment compared with Guinea pigs.

Allergens ; administration & dosage ; toxicity ; Anaphylaxis ; chemically induced ; Animals ; Guinea Pigs ; Hypersensitivity ; etiology ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred BN ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo search new effective compounds, the different hemostatic effects of Flos Sophorae, Flos Sophorae Carbonisatus and principal constituent were observed.

METHODUsing the bleeding time (BT) and the recalcification time (RT) as the specificity indicators for the hematischesis function, the hemostatic effects of the following were observed. Flos Sophorae, Flos Sophorae Carbonisatus, characteristic value extraction thing A and B (SCE A and B) and the principal constituent after orally administered in normal rats in order to analyze the new hemostatic compounds.

RESULTFlos Sophorae, and Flos Sophorae Carbonisatus can obviously reduce BT and RT in rats, in which the effect of Carbonisatus is stronger than the crude. Otherwhile, SCE A and SCE B can also obviously reduce BT and RT in rats, in which the effects of SCE B surpassed those of SCE A. Furthermore, two characteristic compounds extracted from SCE B (kaikasaponin I called compound 1 and isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside named called 2) and other nominated principal constituents (rutin, tannin), can obviously shorten BT and RT in rats, among which compound 2 is most superior.

CONCLUSIONThe Flos Sophorae, Flos Sophorae Carbonisatus and their character compounds can shorten! the BT and RT in rats. The compound 2 from SCE B has the most superior effect. Study showed that compound 2 should be the new hemostatic compounds after Flos Sophorae carbonized. The results also indicated that the increase of hemostatic effect after Flos Sophorae carbonized should be related with the coordination of various kinds of ingredient.

Animals ; Bleeding Time ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Hemostatics ; administration & dosage ; Male ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sophora ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo investigate the preclinical evaluation method of pseudoanaphylactoid reactions for Chinese herbal injections.

METHODBeagle dogs were divided into control group (C), 0.5% tween 80 group (T), Yuxincao injection containing 0.5% tween 80 (YT), distilled solution from Yuxincao (Y). Various groups of Beagle dogs were given 3 mL x kg(-1) of the test articles intravenously. The anaphylactoid reactions were observed immediately, while blood pressure, respiratory frequencies and heart rates were tested at 10 min and 30 min after administration.

RESULTA variety of symptoms that range from cutaneous and mucosa signs to bronchospasma and cardiovascular collapse, including angioedema at lip, conjunctiva, ear and circumoral skin, somnolence, lethargy, breathless or dyspnea, severe hypotension etc were observed in T and TY groups from immediately post-injection to at least 30 min after administration. These reactions occurred at both first injection or repeated injections at 24 weeks intervals, manifesting that it was pseudoanaphylactoid reaction mediated by non-immune mechanisms.

CONCLUSIONBeagle dogs could be used as an animal model for preclinical evaluation of pseudoanaphylactoid reactions of Chinese herbal injection with sensitivity, reproducibility, and high clinic consistency.

Anaphylaxis ; chemically induced ; etiology ; immunology ; Animals ; Dogs ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Injections, Intravenous ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Random Allocation

OBJECTIVETo modify the empirical method of precision-cut liver slice technique, and study the hepatotoxicity of monocrotaline by this technique.

METHODLiver slices were prepared by the domestic shaking slicer. The technique of precision-cut liver slice was established by detecting MTT reduction used as the slice viability under different culture medium, thickness of slices, pH and culture temperature. After monocrotaline and liver slices co-culture for 6, 24 h, the slice viability, enzyme activity of GPT, GOT, LDH, GGT and protein concentration were detected by MTT reduction, enzyme kinetics method and BCA protein assay method, respectively.

RESULTWhen the thickness of slices was 200 microm and pH of medium was 6.8, culture temperature was 37 degrees C, BPM culture medium, the viability of slices could maintain on a steady level. LDH leakage was significantly increased and protein content was obviously decreased after monocrotaline co-culture for 24 h with final concentration 0.02, 0.1 and 0.5 g x L(-1). No statistically significant difference between control group and monocrotaline 3 dose groups was observed in the slice viability and the content of GPT, GOT, LDH, GGT and protein after monocrotaline co-culture for 6 h.

CONCLUSIONThe slice viability could retain 24 h in modified BPM medium surroundings; monocrotaline displayed liver toxicity in some degree after co-culture for 24 hours in 0.02, 0.1 and 0.5 g x L(-1) concentration.

Animals ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Liver ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Monocrotaline ; toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Temperature ; Toxicity Tests

OBJECTIVETo establish a simple and feasible method of anaphylactoid test on awaked small animals for screening and assessing anaphylactoid reaction of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) injection with different concentration of tween 80.

METHODTest substances containing 0.4% Evans blue were intravenously injected into mice at volume of 20 mL x kg(-1) or guinea pigs at a volume of 30 mL x kg(-1). The behaviors were observed and the vascular permeability of ears evaluated by the extent of ear blue staining and absorbance of Evans blue extraction of ears were tested at 30 min after injection.

RESULTTween 80 solution, Yuxingcao injection with tween 80, and Shuanghuanglian powder injection obviously increased vascular permeability of ears characterized as ear blue staining and increased absorbance of the Evans blue extract from ears extracted by acetone saline both in mice and in guinea pigs in a concentration-dependent (in the case of tween 80) or a dose-dependent (Shuanghuanglian) manner.

CONCLUSIONEar vascular permeability test in mice and guinea pigs can be used as animal models to screen and test anaphylactoid reaction induced by injections.

Anaphylaxis ; chemically induced ; Animals ; Capillary Permeability ; drug effects ; Guinea Pigs ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; adverse effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Models, Animal

OBJECTIVEBy using RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line, we studied the dose-effect relationship of endotoxin induced RAW 264.7 cells to release TNF-alpha, and then detected the content of endotoxin in 8 kinds of injections, so that we can investigate the feasibility and the interference factors of the novel test.

METHODBy using endotoxin of different concentrations to induce RAW 264. 7 cells to release TNF-a, we drew the curve of dose-effect relationship between endotoxin and generated TNF-alpha. Then we detected the content of TNF-alpha in yuxingcao, shuanghuanglian, qingkailing, gegensu, xiangdan, qianrongmei and jiangxianmei injections and shuanghuanglian powder injection, and calculated their content of endotoxin.

RESULTThe endotoxin could induce the cells to release TNF-alpha in a good dose-dependent manner, even at a very low concentration. In the range of maximum available dilution multiple, the content of endotoxin in the rest 7 kinds of injections was less than 1.0 EU x mL(-1) except qingkailing injection of two batch.

CONCLUSIONCytokine revulsion has the advantage of wide detection range, high sensitivity, simple operation, and the detected endotoxin is of bioactivity. This method provides another technical mean for pyrogen test of injections.

Animals ; Biological Assay ; methods ; Cell Line ; Drug Contamination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Endotoxins ; adverse effects ; analysis ; Macrophages ; drug effects ; immunology ; Mice ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; analysis ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo detect content of bacterial endotoxin in Yuxingcao and Qingkailing injections by specific and nonspecific tachypleus amebocyte lysate technique for in order to investigate the feasibility of specific tachypleus amebocyte lysate technique for detecting bacterial endotoxin in traditional Chinese drug injections.

METHODDifferent batches of Yuxingcao and Qingkailing injections were detected by specific and nonspecific tachypleus amebocyte lysate kits.

RESULTYuxingcao injection could be detected by specific and nonspecific tachypleus amebocyte lysate technique, Whereas Qingkailing injection could be detected only by specific tachypleus amebocyte lysate.

CONCLUSIONUsing specific tachypleus amebocyte lysate as a substitute for nonspecific tachypleus amebocyte lysate is an effective method for detecting content of bacterial endotoxin in Qingkailing injection.

Animals ; Drug Contamination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Endotoxins ; analysis ; Horseshoe Crabs ; Limulus Test ; methods

OBJECTIVETo investigate the substance basis and the mechanism of pseudoanaphylactoid reactions (PR) induced by Shuanghuanglian injection (SHLI).

METHOD(1)The study of PR and the substance basis of PR of SHLI: ICR mice were divided into different test groups, the mice were intravenously injected with solutions of different concentration of SHLI, baicalin, forsythin, caffeotannic acid, positive control Compound 48/80 and normal sodium. All test substances were mixed with 0.4% Evans blue. The reaction and vascular permeability of the ears were observed and measured 30 min after SHLI injection. (2) The study of mechanisms: Mice were pretreated with an oral administration of Astemizol, intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide 75 mg x kg(-1) or Compound 48/80 4 mg x kg(-1), then mice were intravenously injected with SHLI. At last, vascular permeability of the ears in pretreated groups was compared with SHLI treatment alone group.

RESULTSHLI of 300 mg x kg(-1) and 600 mg x kg(-1) caused obvious vascular hyperpermeability, but baicalin, forsythin and caffeotannic didn't cause vascular hyperpermeability in the ears. The Astemizol can decrease the degree of SHLI-induced vascular hyperpermeability of the ears in the mice. After intraperitoneal injected with cyclophosphamide, there was a slight decrease in the degree of SHLI-induced vascular hyperpermeability, but there was no marked changes in the degree of the SHLI-induced vascular hyperpermeability after the mice were pretreated with Compound 48/80.

CONCLUSIONSHLI in clinic equivalent dose can cause vascular hyperpermeability. Baicalin, forsythin and caffeotannic may not result in the PR of SHLI. The mechanism of the PR maybe relate to that SHLI stimulates histamine release, the activation of leucocyte maybe take part in the SHLI-induced PR, too. Antihistamine drug can prevent the genesis of PR which induced by SHLI.

Anaphylaxis ; chemically induced ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Animals ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; chemistry ; Injections ; Mice

OBJECTIVETo establish a model of gastric precancerous lesion by using Aristolochic manshuriensis which contains aristolochic acids.

METHODThe SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: control and three different doses of ethanol extractive of A. manshuriensis (EEA) (corresponding to aristolochic acid I 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg x kg(-1)), respectively. EEA was intragastrically given to rats every other day. At the end of the 10th, 15th, 20th week, part of the rats in each group was sacrificed and the stomachs were weighed. The gastric tumor was assessed by the weight and the relative stomach weight to the body weight. The stomachs were fixed in 4% neutral formalin, and the paraffin imbedding tissues were sliced and HE stained. Histomorphology was observed under the light microscope to determine gastric hyperplasia, mucosa precancerosis (atypical hyperplasia) and gastric cancer formation.

RESULTThe rats treated with different doses of EEA for 10 weeks induced mucosa papillary, epithelioma hyperplasia. Histological observation showed mucosa precancerosis lesions characterized as atypical hyperplasia at the dose levels corresponding to aristolochic acid I 5.0 and 10.0 mg x kg(-1) treated for 10 weeks. The incidence rate of gastric precancerosis in those two groups was 100% at the 15th week. Malignant tumors were observed in most of the animals in 10.0 mg x kg(-1) group. The animals in 5.0 mg x kg(-1) group were well tolerant compared to 10.0 mg x kg(-1) group during the course of experiment, so the dose of aristolochic acid I 5.0 mg x kg(-1) and 10-15 weeks treatment were considered to be optimum to establish the model of gastric precancerosis.

CONCLUSIONA rat model of gastric precancerosis can be induced within a short duration by giving an oral administration of the ethanol extract of A. manshuriensis which contains aristolochic acids.

Animals ; Aristolochia ; chemistry ; Aristolochic Acids ; administration & dosage ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Male ; Rats ; Stomach Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; pathology