In recent years,an increasing body of research has reported that the gut microbiota can modulate host immune responses and is associated with a variety of immune-related diseases.The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining immune homeostasis.In numerous immune-related inflammatory diseases,significant alterations have been observed in both the gut microbiota and its derived metabolites,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs).These microbial communities and metabolites play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of immune-related inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease,diabetes,rheumatoid arthritis,and systemic lupus erythematosus.In this review,we discuss the latest developments in the human gut microbiome's association with autoimmune diseases(ADs)and the feasibility of developing novel diagnostics based on microbiome profiling.We aim to provide new drug targets for the treatment of autoimmune diseases,thereby paving a way for drug research and development.