We investigated and analyzed the first case of human infection with avian influenza A(H9N2) virus in Yunnan Province,China,so as to provide a better basis for preventing and controlling human infections with viruses of animal origin in the future.We carried out the field epidemiological survey among the patient,close contacts and the live poultry markets,detected and analyzed the samples from patient and the outdoor environment.Results showed that the 9-month-old boy was a case of human infection with avian influenza A(H9N2) virus with the history of live poultry markets exposure and the results of nucleic acid detection and virus isolation.There was a lot of contamination of the avian influenza virus in the live poultry markets.The second generation cases have not occurred.The monitoring of pneumonia of unknown etiology and influenza like cases in medical institutions is the important means to find timely cases of human infected with avian influenza.Regular disinfection and closing-down of live poultry markets are key measures to reduce the exposure opportunity.

Objective To evaluate effects of the daily average temperature on the daily number of outpatient visits for eczema in Lanzhou city.Methods Clinical data were obtained from outpatients with eczema in the Department of Dermatology of 2 third-grade class-A hospitals in Lanzhou city from January 1st 2007 to December 31st 2015,and meteorological data during this period were also collected.Controlling for confounding factors like long-term trends and day of the week,a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) fitted with quasi-Poisson link function was used to assess the effects of daily average temperature on the daily number of outpatient visits for eczema,and the analysis was stratified by season,age and gender.Results The exposure-response relationship between the daily average temperature and daily number of outpatient visits for eczema could be roughly described by a W-shaped curve.Stratification analysis showed that the effect of the daily average temperature on outpatient visits for eczema was strongest in autumn and winter,followed by summer,and weakest in spring.Low temperature may have lagged,cumulative and persistent effects on the daily number of outpatient visits for eczema,with the maximum relative risk (RR) value (1.12 [95％ CI:1.03-1.22]) observed at-9 ℃ on lag day 14.With a 1 ℃decrease in the temperature,16％ (RR =1.16,95％ CI:1.00-1.03),14％ (RR =1.14,95％ CI:1.02-1.26) and 13％ (RR =1.13,95％ CI:1.02-1.25) increases in the daily number of outpatient visits for eczema were observed in men,teenagers and middle-aged adults respectively (P ＜ 0.05).However,low temperature had no significant effects on outpatient visits for eczema among women or the elderly (P ＞0.05).The effect of high temperature usually occurred following exposure without lag periods,and was gradually weakened over lag time (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions In Lanzhou,the effect of daily average temperature on outpatient visits for eczema was strongest in autumn and winter.Changes of the daily temperature may be one of risk factors for eczema.Low temperature had lagged effects on the daily number of outpatient visits for eczema,and the effects were strongest on lag day 14.

Objective To evaluate effects of daily average temperature on the occurrence of urticaria in Lanzhou city,and to analyze differences in the effects between different populations.Methods Time-series data on daily outpatient visits for urticaria between January 1,2007 and December 31,2013 were collected from the First Hospital of Lanzhou University and Lanzhou University Second Hospital.Daily meteorological data during this peroid were obtained from the Gansu Meteorological Bureau.Distributed lag non-linear models were used to analyze the association between daily average temperature and occurrence of urticaria,and the analysis was stratified by age and gender.Results The association between daily average temperature and daily number of outpatient visits for urticaria was nonlinear.Low temperature had significant lag effects on the daily number of outpatient visits for urticaria,with the maximum relative risk (RR) value (1.014 [95％ CI 1.000-1.023]) observed at 6 ℃ on lag day 18.Stratification analysis demonstrated that the effects of high temperature on the number of outpatient visits for urticaria were apparent on the day of exposure in age groups of 0-18 and 19-64 years,but decreased on the day of exposure in the age group ≥ 65 years.The effects of low temperature,which showed similar trends along with the increment of lag days in all groups,were relatively delayed and occurred 2 to 4 days after exposure.Conclusions Air temperature affects the occurrence of urticaria in Lanzhou city.Low temperature has evident lag effects on the occurrence of urticaria,while high temperature does not have.

Objective To investigate the mutation of hemagglutinin gene and amino acid variation of influenza B.Methods Influenza B virus was isolated from throat swab samples in sentinel surveillance of Yunnan province from 2009 to 2014.HA1 gene sequence analysis was applied to determine 12 randomly-selected strains of influenza B virus.The results were analyzed,MEGA software was used to do homology comparison and HA gene phylogenetic tree was established.Results Differences on the serotype and genotype identification of influenza strains were found and it might be caused by inadequate gene mutation accumulation.Amino acid variations were found in 3 important regions of antigenic determinants in HA1 protein:ring 120,ring 150 and ring 160.The amino acid variation of position 131 in ring 120 was N131K,and in position 137 was N137H.Two strains had P187S mutation in position 187.Conclusion There are some important variations in the hemagglutinin gene of influenza B strains in Yunnan Province,with some variations being the same as vaccine strains and some being not.

TMTP1, a 5-amino acid peptide NVVRQ, obtained by using the flagella peptide library screening in our previous studies, can be used for the labeling of malignant in situ and metastatic lesions, and even micro-metastases. In this study, TMTP1 was assessed for its ability to specifically target the malignant hematopoietic cells and metastatic lesions of hematological malignancies. FITC-TMTP1 was chemically synthesized. Immunofluorescence assay and competitive test were carried out to determine the specific binding capacity of TMTPl to hematological malignant cell lines, including HL60, k562, SHI-1, Jurkat, Raji, El-4 and umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells. Mononuclear cells were isolated from the bone marrow of healthy subjects and patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Then the cells were co-clutured with TMTP1 or scrambled peptides and the binding and affinity of TMTP1 peptide to the primary cells of hematological malignancies were flow cytometrically analyzed. The binding specificity of TMTP1 to target hematological malignancies was measured in vivo by intravenous injection of FITC-conjugated TMTP1 into El-4 lymphoma-bearing mice. The results showed that TMTP1 specifically bound to the cells of a series of hematological malignancies, including HL60, k562, Jurkat, Raji, El-4 and chronic myeloid leukemia primary cells but not to bone marrow mononuclear cells from healthy subjects. By contrast, TMTP1 could bind to the metastatic foci of lymphoma originating from the EL-4 cell line while the scrambled peptide failed to do so. Moreover, the occult metastases could be identified, with high specificity, by detecting FITC-TMTP1. We are led to conclude that TMTP1, as a novel tumor-homing peptide, can serve as a marker for primary malignant and metastatic lesions for the early diagnosis of hematological malignances and a carrier of anticancer drugs for cancer treatment.

TMTP1,a 5-amino acid peptide NVVRQ,obtained by using the flagella peptide library screening in our previous studies,can be used for the labeling of malignant in situ and metastatic lesions,and even micro-metastases.In this study,TMTP1 was assessed for its ability to specifically target the malignant hematopoietic cells and metastatic lesions of hematological malignancies.FITC-TMTP 1 was chemically synthesized.Immunofluorescence assay and competitive test were carried out to determine the specific binding capacity of TMTPI to hematological malignant cell lines,including HL60,k562,SHI-1,Jurkat,Raji,El-4 and umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells.Mononuclear cells were isolated from the bone marrow of healthy subjects and patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.Then the cells were co-clutured with TMTP1 or scrambled peptides and the binding and affinity of TMTP1 peptide to the primary cells of hematological malignancies were flow cytometrically analyzed.The binding specificity of TMTP 1 to target hematological malignancies was measured in vivo by intravenous injection of FITC-conjugated TMTP1 into El-4 lymphoma-bearing mice.The results showed that TMTP1 specifically bound to the cells of a series of hematological malignancies,including HL60,k562,Jurkat,Raji,El-4 and chronic myeloid leukemia primary cells but not to bone marrow mononuclear cells from healthy subjects.By contrast,TMTP1 could bind to the metastatic foci of lymphoma originating from the EL-4 cell line while the scrambled peptide failed to do so.Moreover,the occult metastases could be identified,with high specificity,by detecting FITC-TMTP1.We are led to conclude that TMTP1,as a novel tumor-homing peptide,can serve as a marker for primary malignant and metastatic lesions for the early diagnosis of hematological malignances and a carrier of anticancer drugs for cancer treatment.

Objective:To analyze the non-enterovirus A71 (non-EVA71) and non-coxsackievirus A16 (non-CVA16) enteroviruses causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Kunming and Qujing of Yunnan Province in 2021 by sequencing the VP4/VP2 and VP1 genes and to analyze the phylogenetic characteristics of the VP1 gene of CVA2, aiming to provide reference for the prevention and control of CVA2.Methods:The samples were made and extracted strictly according to the Laboratory Manual for Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018 Edition). VP4/VP2 junction regions were firstly amplified and sequenced by MD91/OL68-1 primers. These sequences were firstly edited and then "blasted" on the GenBank to determine the virus serotype. To analyze the phylogenetic characteristics of CVA2, the entire VP1 gene sequences were amplified in two segments using enterovirus species A primers. Virus serotype was again confirmed online by "Enterovirus Genotyping Tool Version 0.1". The sequences of the reference virus genotypes/sub-genotypes were downloaded according to the reference. The phylogenetic trees were constructed by Mega5.2 software and the genetic characteristics were analyzed.Results:A total of 749 non-EVA71 and non-CVA16 enteroviruses were detected in the two areas in 2021. Group A enteroviruses were the main pathogens, with CVA16 as the predominant virus, and a small number of group B enteroviruses were reported. Only five strains of CVA2 were detected with a detection rate of 0.67% (5/749), indicating that CVA2 was a rare pathogen for HFMD in the two areas. The sequencing and serotyping results were consistent using the two genomic regions of VP4/VP2 junction region and VP1 region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that three Kunming strains belonged to genotype A, while two Qujing strains belonged to genotype D.Conclusions:The detection rate of CVA2 in Kunming and Qujing was 0.67% in 2021. CVA2 was a rare pathogen for HFMD in the two regions. Phylogenetic analysis showed genotypes A and D spread in Kunming and Qujing, respectively, but had not caused epidemics. To our knowledge, this was the first report of genotype A of CVA2 in China. Strengthening the laboratory surveillance especially molecular epidemiological surveillance is valuable for the monitor and analysis of transmission source for CVA2.