Education should include two parts:teaching and learning.Therefore,during the course of medical ehtics teaching,if we want to get better teaching effect,besides the factor of teachers,we must make the students get interest in the studying of medical ethics and arouse the students' initiative and enthusiasm of studying.This thesis would discuss that in the following respects:enhancing the students'initiative and enthusiasm of studying;teacher's deep love for education enterprise and for students;person of exemplary virtue,example is better than precept;performing elicitation teaching method of developing the student's initiative and strictly avoiding cramming method of teaching

Objective To discuss the clinical feature, diagnosis and treatment options of adolescent endometriosis Methods The records of adolescent patients with endometriosis (11 20 years old) who were admitted to First, Second and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhongshan University and Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital between 1990 and 2003 were retrospectively reviewed Results Forty three patients were diagnosed as endometriosis either by laparotomy or laparoscopy The chief symptoms leading to the diagnosis were palpable pelvic mass (18/43), dysmenorrhea (15/43), chronic pelvic mass (10/43) and acute pelvic pain (4/43) The majority of patients (53%) presented with the revised AFS r classification stage Ⅲ, 8 cases (19%) presented with stage Ⅰ, 3 cases (7%) with stage Ⅱand 9 cases (21%) with stage Ⅳ. Nine cases (21%) had complicated genital tract abnormalities Conservative operations, including salpingo oophorectomy ins cases, ovarian cystectomy in 31 cases and laparoscopic vaporization in 8 cases, were performed Surgeries were followed by hormonal suppression using oral contraceptives in a continuous or cyclic manner Conclusions Adolescent endometriosis may occur around 4 6 years after menarche The chief symptoms are palpable pelvic mass and dysmenorrhea The treatment of endometriosis in adolescence does not differ principally from that in adult women In the treatment of endometriosis and for the prevention of recurrence, it is recommended to give 3 6 months of oral contraceptives

Objective:To explore the possible mechanism of astragaloside involved in the mouse podocytes injury induced by TGF-β1 in vitro.Methods:Mouse podocytes were cultured in vitro and then all cell were divided into 5 groups:normal control group , TGF-β1 treatment group ,TGF-β1 treatment +astragaloside low dose group ,TGF-β1 treatment +astragaloside middle dose group and TGF-β1 treatment +astragaloside high dose group.The proliferation rate of each group was investigated by MTT assay ,the expression of TRPC6 protein and mRNA were measured by Western blot and RT-PCR respectively after 48 hours.Results:TGF-β1 can significantly inhibit the proliferation of podocytes ( P<0.05) ,fusions of foot processes or even effaced of podocytes were observed .TGF-β1 could also increase the expression of TRPC6.Astragaloside could reduce the inhibition of TGF-β1 to the proliferain of podocytes significantly ,make the cell shape tend to be normal,and reduce the expression of TRPC6 mRNA and protein with dose-effect relation.Conclusion:TRPC6 play an impor-tant role in the TGF-β1 induecd podocytes injury .Astragaloside can alleviate podocytes injury by reduce the expression of TRPC 6.

Objective To compare the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS ) in patients with gastroesophageal reflex disease (GERD)and healthy controls.Methods The distribution and relative protein amount of two NOS subtypes (nNOS and iNOS)were determined with immunohistological method,and their mRNA levels were measured with real-time PCR method.Results The nNOS and iNOS were mostly distributed in the cytoplasm in epithelia of esophageal mucosa.The nNOS and iNOS in reflux esophagitis (RE)were significantly higher than in non-erosive reflux disease (NERD)patients and healthy controls (P <0.05 ).The mRNA levels of nNOS and iNOS were also significantly higher in RE patients than in NERD patients and healthy controls (P <0.05).Conclusion The expressions of nNOS and iNOS were increased in the esophagus of RE patients,which may be related to the effects of NO on the onset of GERD.

Objective To assess the influence of length of the alanine tract of forkhead box E1 (FOXE1) gene on genetic susceptibility to idiopathic premature ovarian failure (POF). Methods Totally 110 patients with idiopathic POF were recruited between February 2009 and December 2012 at the Affiliated Shenzhen City Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Southern Medical University. Controls (n=110) were individuals with normal menstrual cycles, normal FSH concentrations. The polyalanine tract and flanking sequence of FOXE1 were screened using the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) technique and direct sequence technique. Results The most frequent of FOXE1 polyalanine stretch length was 14 residues in both groups. The length of FOXE1 polyalanine reported in this study varied from 12 to 16 alanines, and three variants of FOXE1-polyalanine length, containing 12, 14, or 16 alanine residues, and 5 different genotypes were identified. The most common genotypes were 14/14 homozygote, occurring with the frequency of 81.8% (90/110) in the POF group, while 96.4% (106/110) in control subjects, respectively. The incidence of 14/14 genotypes of FOXE1-polyalanine was significantly lower in patients with POF (χ2=119.730, P=0.001) in comparison to the controls. There were significantly higher frequencies of the 16/16 genotypes in cases with POF [10.0% (11/110) versus 0; χ2=3.403, P=0.001], as compared with the controls. The FOXE1 14 alanine allele was significantly less common in the POF patient group than the controls [84.5% (186/220) versus 98.2% (216/220); χ2=25.923, P=0.001]. The FOXE1 16 alanine allele was significantly more common in the POF patient group than the controls [12.7% (28/220) versus 1.8% (4/220); χ2=19.412, P=0.001]. Conclusions The polymorphism of the polyalanine tract of FOXE1 gene have a certain relevance for the genetic aetiology of idiopathic POF.

Objective To evaluate clinical value of denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) used in detecting transforming growth factor beta receptor 3 (TGFBR-3) exons 11 and 12 polymorphism in women with idiopathic premature ovarian failure (POF).Methods From Feb.2009 to Dec.2011,110 patients with idiopathic POF undergoing treatment at Shenzhen Maternal & Child Health Institute affiliated to Southern Medical University were enrolled as POF group in this study.In the mean time,110 women under 40 years old with normal hormonal level and menstrual cycles as control group.The exons 11 and 12 of TGFBR-3 gene polymorphism were screened by using DHPLC,and results of DNA sequencing was as golden standard.Some related indexes were calculated,such as sensitivity,specificity,false negative value,false positive value,Youden index,positive predictive value,and negative predictive value.At the same time,20％ of the tested specimens were chosen randomly and detected by DHPLC again.The value of Kappa index were calculated by comparing the results between the first and second DHPLC analysis.Results The exon 11 of TGFBR-3 were not identified gene polymorphism and two nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in exon 12.For 2022 T/C polymorphism,the frequencies of CC with 0.9％ (1/110),TC with 22.7％ (25/110),TT with 76.4％ (84/110),Cwith12.3％ (27/220) and T with 87.7％ (193/220) in POF group were significantly different from CC with 0,TC with 9.1％ (10/110)and TT with 90.9％ (100/110),C with 4.5％ (10/220) and T with 95.5％ (210/220) in control group (all P ＜ 0.05).Allelic and genotypic frequencies of 2161-75 C/T were not differed significantly between the two groups (all P ＞ 0.05).As DNA sequencing as golden standard,DHPLC showed that the sensitivity was 100％,specificity was 97.9％,Youden index was 97.9％,positive predictive value was 96.3％,negative predictive value was 100％,and Kappa index was 0.888 (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion DHPLC analysis is higher validity,reliability and practicability method in detecting TGFBR-3 polymorphism in idiopathic premature ovarian failure.

Objective To investigate the effects of transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6) on the expression of nephrin, desmin and caspase 9 and on the apoptosis of podocytes in a mouse model of podocyte injury induced by TGF-β1.Methods Conditionally immortalized mouse podocytes were cultured in vitro and divided into four groups: control, TGF-β1 treatment, TGF-β1+PGPU6/GFP/Neo-TRPC6-mus-581 (TRPC6 knockdown) and TGF-β1+PGPU6/GFP/Neo-NC (negative control).Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to detect the expression of nephrin, desmin and caspase 9 at mRNA and protein levels, respectively.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the apoptotic rate of podocytes.DAPI fluorescent staining was used to observe the morphological changes of apoptotic podocytes.Results Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing podocytes at 48 hours after transfection were significantly more than those at 24 hours after transfection.The level of TRPC6 in mouse podocytes transfected with PGPU6/GFP/Neo-TRPC6-mus-581 was significantly decreased as compared with that of the control group (P<0.05).No significant difference in the expression of TRPC6 was observed between the negative control group and the control group.Compared with the control group, the TGF-β1 treatment group showed increased expression of desmin and caspase 9 at both mRNA and protein levels (P<0.01), but decreased expression of nephrin at mRNA and protein levels at 48 hours after TGF-β1 intervention (P<0.05).The up-regulated desmin and caspase 9 and the down-regulated nephrin induced by TGF-β1 could be inhibited by the means of TRPC6 knockdown.The apoptosis rate of podocytes in TGF-β1 treatment group was (14.0±2.1)%, while that in TRPC6 knockdown was (10.90±0.56)% (P<0.05).The apoptosis rate of podocytes in negative control group was higher than that in TGF-β1 treatment group (P>0.05).More apoptotic cells with typical morphological features of apoptosis were observed after exposure to TGF-β1 for 48 hours.Conclusion TGF-β1 could induce the apoptosis of podocytes, inhibit the expression of nephrin and enhance the expression of caspase 9 and desmin, the possible mechanisms of which may be related to TRPC6 signal pathway.These changes in TGF-β1-treated podocytes could be alleviated by inhibiting the expression of TRPC6, which might have a protective effect on podocyte injury.

Objectives: To explore the association between the polymorphism of persistent obesity and genetic variations in the LEP (human leptin gene, LEP) and LEPR (leptin receptor gene, LEPR) genes and different molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Methods: All 703 female patients of breast cancer diagnosed by histopathology in the Sichuan Cancer Hospital or the West China Hospital, excluding patients with metastatic breast cancer or mental disease, were selected as cases from April 2014 to May 2015. At the same time, 805 healthy women received physical examination in medical examination center of Sichuan People Hospital or Shuangliu maternal and child health care hospital, excluding those with therioma, breast disease, and mental disease, were enrolled in control group. A uniform questionnaire was used to collect general information including demographic characteristic, reproductive history height, weight, and so on. And the obesity status in recent 10 years was judged. Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer was used to determine the genotypes of LEP rs7799039, LEPR rs1137100 and LEPR rs1137101, while the multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the effect of risk factors related to breast cancer in different molecular subtypes; and then, the association between polymorphism of persistent obesity, the LEP, LEPR genes and breast cancer of different molecular subtypes was analyzed by binary logistic regression models. Results: The average age of controls was (48.98±8.83) years old, while the age of cases of TNBC, Luminal A, Luminal B, and HER-2+ were (51.43±11.33), (49.94±10.10), (49.73±9.38), (50.50±9.04) years old, respectively. The frequency of genotype LEP rs7799039, LEPR rs1137100 and LEPR rs1137101 in control group was separately 74.8%(1 157/1 546), 83.6%(1 339/1 602) and 88.4%(1 416/1 602); while 77.6% (1 074/1 384), 82.4% (1 155/1 402) and 87.9% (1 232/1 402) respectively in case group. Compared with non-persistent obesity subjects, the persistent obesity ones showed an increased risk in TNBC (OR=3.58, 95%CI: 1.90-6.72), Luminal A (OR=2.65, 95%CI: 1.35-5.21) and Luminal B (OR=1.90, 95%CI: 1.26-2.89) breast cancer. LEP rs7799039-AA was relevant with the upward risk of Luminal B independently (OR=1.30, 95%CI: 1.00-1.69). Besides, persistent obesity was found to have a combined effect on Luminal B (β=3.34, 95% CI: 1.00-11.12) with LEPR rs1137101-GG. Conclusion Persistent obesity could increase the potential risk of TNBC, Luminal A and Luminal B breast cancer. Women who were suffered from persistent obesity with a genotype of LEPR rs1137101-GG were more susceptible to Luminal B breast cancer.

Objective: To analyze the emotional and behavioral problems and associated factors of the only and non only child, and to provide some clues for further monitoring and intervention of psychological and behavioral development among preschool children. Methods: Using a convenience sampling method, a total of 45 065 children enrolled in 153 kindergartens in 23 districts and counties of Chengdu were selected from May to June 2021 to investigate demographic characteristics and children s psycho behavioral development through online questionnaires filled out by their guardians. The Chi square tests were used to analyze whether the differences in abnormality rates of each dimension were statistically significant between the only and non only children. The emotional and behavioral problems of only children and non only children were analyzed by propensity score measurement. Results: The detection rate of abnormal emotional behavior problems in children was 6.10%, including 6.34% in the only child group and 5.84 % in the non only child group. After matching, total difficulty score, and scores of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactive attention deficit, peer interaction, and social behavior differed between the only child group and the non only child group ( t =9.91, 8.97, 3.91, 15.57, -5.46, 4.08, P <0.01). Conclusion In terms of the total score of difficulties, emotional symptoms, moral problems, and hyperactivity attention defects, the non only child is better than the only child，but the opposite is true in terms of peer interaction and social behavior. Mental health conditions among the only child should be paid more attention. Whether or not the only child should be taken as an important consideration for preschool children s mental health care.

Objective:To investigate the influences of morphological characteristics of skull base ovale foramen in the puncture difficulty of percutaneous balloon compression (PBC), surgical efficacy and postoperative complications in patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (ITN).Methods:One hundred and twenty-seven patients with ITN, admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to January 2021, were collected. Dyna-CT three-dimensional imaging of the oval foramen at the skull base and PBC treatment were performed on the included patients, and the morphological data of the oval foramen were measured. Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) was used to assess pain degrees before and after surgery. The differences of cross-sectional area and exposure Angle, puncture difficulty and time, NRS scores before and after surgery and incidence of complications were compared in patients with ovale foramen at different forms. The correlations of puncture time with puncture difficulty and cross-sectional area of ovale foramen in skull base were analyzed.Results:The foramen ovale in skull base of 127 patients included standard oval shape ( n=82), almond shape ( n=9), narrow and long shape ( n=13), fissure shape ( n=8) and irregular shape ( n=15). Different morphological characteristics of the skull base ovale foramen could lead to significant differences in the difficulty of puncture, exposure angle, cross-sectional area and puncture time ( P<0.05). Puncture time was positively correlated with puncture difficulty and cross-sectional area ( r=0.359, P<0.001; r=0.280, P=0.007). The patients with skull base ovale foramen of different forms showed no significant differences in the differences of NRS scores before and after PBC and occurrence of postoperative complications ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Dyna-CT three-dimensional imaging can visually display the morphological characteristics of the oval foramen at the skull base; this technique can be used to guide the puncture of the oval foramen and effectively evaluate the difficulty of puncture in PBC, but it does not affect the postoperative pain improvement and complication incidences.