Objective To observe the protective effects of ligustrazine on glutamate-induced injury in cultured hippocampal neurons. Methods Primarily cultured hippocampal neurons from fetal rats were incubated with ligustrazine (1 mmol/L) for 12 hours,then glutamate (1 mmol/L) was added for 20 minutes to induce injury. Cell viability was detected by MTT assay,and the change in LDH activity was determined by biochemical method. Finally,the expression of AchE in the cultured neurons was assayed by immuocytochemistry. Results Ligustrazine improved the survival rate of hippocampal neurons injured by glutamate,inhibited the release of LDH from the kytoplasm injured by glutamate. The expression of AchE in the injured neurons was promoted by pretreatment of ligustrazine. Conclusion Ligustrazine can significantly exert protective effects on the hippocampal neuron injury induced by glutamate.

Objective To elucidate the mechanism of prevention of postoperative tissues from adhesion by chitosan by stadying the effect of chitosan on indncing apoptosis of fibroblasts.Methods The cultured fibroblasts were treated for 48 hours with 0,0.01,0.1,1,10mg/ml chitosan,respectively.Then cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay and the cell apoptosis by flow cytometry.Results When the concentrations of chitosan were 0.01,0.1,1,and 10mg/ml,the optical density(A)values of the fibroblasts were 0.377?0.047,0.324?0.030,0.271?0.035 and 0.224?0.037,respectively,which were significantly lower than that of control group(0.561?0.044,P

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional lev-el and then affect important physiological and pathological processes. Many microRNAs are tissue or organ-speciifc which make it possible for them to become potential biomarkers. Similarly, microRNAs are important for physiological functions of kidney and they are involved in various renal disorders. The review summarizes current information about microRNA effect on various kidney diseases, in order to provide references for the diagnosis and treatment of kidney disease in the future.

Hereditary glomerular disease is an important part of kidney diseases .In recent years , hereditary glomerular disea-ses had a high incidence and poor prognosis .Thus, the studies involving hereditary glomerular diseases such as Alport syndrome , he-reditary nephritis syndrome and thin basement membrane disease , etc.have significant implications .This review mainly focuses on the pathogenesis , clinical features , diagnosis and treatment of Alport syndrome and hereditary nephritis syndrome .

Methylmalonic acidemia(MMA) is one of the most common diseases of autosomal recessive inherited organic acid metabolic disorder,which can cause multiple organ involvement.It can be found in infants or even in the neonatal period and be manifested as feeding difficulty,repeated vomiting,convulsions,abnormal muscle tension,mental retardation,hemolytic uremic syndrome(HUS),etc.In which HUS caused by MMA is better and better known by pediatricians when treating renal diseases while the diagnosis rate is increasing year by year.This article reviews the epidemiology,etiology,pathogenesis,clinical manifestations and treatment of HUS associated with MMA.

Objective The article was to analyze the features of gene mutation and clinical phenotype in Alport syndrome. Methods Next-generation sequencing was applied to capture the exons of COL4A3, COL4A4, COL4A5 genes in 30 cases of children with suspected or confirmed diagnosis of Alport syndrome and Sanger method was used to identify gene mutations of related family mem-bers.Provean database was applied in protein function prediction.We collected and analyzed clinical data of AS patients on the basis of gene mutation. Results All 30 children were diagnosed with AS by gene sequencing, among whom 4 boys were autosomal reces-sive inheritance, 16 boys and 10 girls were X-linked Alport syndrome.Next-generation sequencing detected 35 different gene mutations of COL4A3, COL4A4, COL4A5, including 19 missense mutations, 2 synonymous mutations, 4 splice-site mutations, 3 truncating mu-tations, 2 insertion mutations, 4 deletion mutations and 1 compound mutations.It was observed by Sanger sequencing that 20 mutations were inherited from the mother, 8 from the father, homozygous mutation in 1 propositus from the parents respectively, 8 novel mutations and 1 with unidentified source.All the 30 children had an onset of hematuria or proteinuria, 17 cases had a positive family history, 1 case had hearing loss, and no pathogenesis or renal insufficiency was found in the children.Renal biopsy was performed on 23 children, 13 minimal change disease ( MCD) and 10 mesangial proliferative glo-merulonephritis ( MsPNG) by light microscope.Extensive lamination and split of glomerular basement membrane dense layers were found in 9 children by electron microscope. Conclusion XLAS ac-counts for most AS patients and missense mutation is the main type in pathogenic mutations.Altogether, 31 mutations without disease notification were found.Most of children showed MCD in renal biopsy, with atypical electron microscope manifestations and rare extra renal manifestations.

Acute kidney injury is a clinical common disease,but it is a dangerous illness with higher o-verall mortality.Even mild renal insufficiency carries complications.Therefore,it is very important for the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury,which is based on high sensitivity,strong specificity of biomarkers.

Objective To study the role of caspase 3 in ischemic brain damage of rats, and further understand the molecular mechanisms of ischemic cerebral vascular disease.Methods Rat models of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion/reperfusion were made using a modification of the intraluminal sature method of Longa established by Belayev, infarct zones were confirmed by 2,3,5 triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and caspase 3 expression on brain sections at the mRNA and active protein level was detected with in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry technique, respectively.Results After 2 hours of left MCA ischemia followed by 24 hours of reperfusion, obvious infarct in the MCA dominate regions was confirmed by TTC staining; low levels of caspase 3 mRNA, and fewer of its active protein expression was found in normal brains, sham brains and contralateral brains of MCAO rats; both caspase 3 mRNA and activated protein expression in ipsilateral region were increased after 24 hours of recirculation, and even higher levels were detected at 48 hours of reperfusion.Conclusion Apoptotic mechanism might involve in delayed neuronal death after cerebral ischemia, and caspase 3 might play an important role in ischemic neuronal injury.

microRNAs play an important regulative role in body's growth and development,and the development of the disease process.Much microRNAs can maintain normal kidney function and regulate kidney pathological process,the miR-30a has extensive effect on kidney development and progression of renal diseases.In this review,a brief overview on the role of miR-30a in renal pathology is presented.

Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is a relatively difficult clinical type of treatment.The major therapy measures in present include steroid and immunosuppressant.Commonly used immunosuppressant include tacrolimus,cyclosporin,cyclophosphamide,mycophenolate mofetil,ect.Tacrolimus-induced clinical remission rate is superior to other immunosuppressive agents,has been the first-line agent of SRNS.Because of the individual difference in metabolism,the drug concentration of tacrolimus should be determined periodically.In order to obtain optimal efficacy of tacrolimus and reduce renal toxicity,the treatment protocols of small doses with long courses for children with SRNS were recommended.