Objective To investigate the direct economic loss of nosocomial infection at a tertiary hospital, so as to provide data support for the improvement of hospital infection control. Methods Inpatients discharged in 2013-2015 period were divided into two groups at a 1:1 pairing ratio, having those suffering from nosocomial infection in only one occasion as the infection group, and those without as the non-infection group. The two groups were compared of their differences in days of stay and hospitalization expenses. Results The days of stay of the infection group were significantly longer than the non-infection group, averaging 6 days longer in terms of the median. Compared with the non-infection group, the total hospitalization cost and the differences with sub-categories other than the treatment cost were of significance. The costs over the non-infection group were mostly contributed by drugs, accounting for 50. 39%, while 23. 50% of which were spent on antibiotics. The additional antibiotics costs were mainly incurred by respiratory tract infections during hospitalization, as the costs of antimicrobial agents for the infection group were 27. 34 times that of the non-infection group. The second contributor was surgical site infection, with the cost of antibiotics 7. 63 times that of the non-infection group. Conclusions Hospital infections prolong the days of stay, increase direct economic loss, especially increase the cost of antibiotics. Prevention and control of respiratory system and surgical site infection can effectively reduce the direct economic loss of hospital infection.

Objective To understand the current situation and development trend of scientific research in health-care-associated infection (HAI)management in China since 1986,and provide the basis for improving the research ability of HAI management.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted in 170 hospitals of 13 provinces and military systems in China through multi-stage stratified sampling method,surveyed content included publication of papers written by HAI management professionals,publication of HAI-related books,application of scientific re-search projects and awards of scientific research.Results Of 170 hospitals,63 were secondary hospitals,and 107 were tertiary hospitals.During the period of 1986-2015,the professionals of HAI management have published 2 596 papers,2 555 were in Chinese,41 were in English.105 and 2 491 papers were written by professionals in sec-ondary hospitals and tertiary hospitals respectively.The number of published papers written by professionals in ter-tiary hospitals increased significantly after 2011.In 1986 - 2015,a total of 68 books on HAI management were written by investigated hospitals,35 (51.47%)of which were written in 2011 -2015.A total of 217 HAI-related research projects were applied in 1986-2015,213 (98.16%)were applied by tertiary hospitals.Most research pro-jects were applied after 2011,accounting for 57.60%(n= 125).Conclusion Scientific research on HAI manage-ment in China has entered a stage of rapid development,more and more HAI professionals begin to engage in re-search work.

As a social problem,college students'Internet Addiction has drawn attention widely.A lot of domestic areas and departments have done research on college students' Internet Addiction and achieved some sucess.On the basis of retrieval of papers on students' Internet Addiction,this article analyzes former research and brought up some proposals for the future research aimed at its deficiences.

As a social problem, Internet Addiction becomes more and more serious,and it has caused wide attention. This paper will state the diagnosis,types,causes,harm,integrated prevention and treatment of Internet Addiction.

Objective To investigate the relationship between genetic polymorphisms of ERCC1 and survival rate in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with platinum based chemotherapy.Methods A total of 204 patients with advanced NSCLC were routinely treated by platinbased chemotherapy.The polymorphic genotypes were analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS nethod using DNA samples isolated from peripheral blood before treatment.Besides,5 ％ samples werc extracted randomly for sequencing to test the accuracy of this method.To explored the association between SNP of ERCC1 (118) and prognosis to platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC patients.Results Among 204 patients,61 achieved partial response,116 achieved stable response,and 27 achieved progressive disease.The overall response rate was 29.9 ％ (61/204).The effective rates of patients with the ERCC1 (118) C/C genotype,C/T + T/T genotype were 24.0 ％ (29/121) and 38.6 ％ (32/83),respectively,with significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).The response rate of ERCC1 (118) C/T allele carriers was 1.992-fold than that of C/C allele carriers (95 ％ confidence interval:1.083-3.650,P =0.025).MST,1-year survival and 2-year survival rates of patients with the ERCC1 (118) C/C genotype,C/T + T/T genotype were 9.0 months,34.7 ％ (42/121) and 4.1％ (5/121) vs 12.0 months,60.2 ％ (50/83) and 12.0 ％ (10/83),respectively,with significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Polymorphisms of ERCC1 might be associated with overall survival period in patients with advanced NSCLC after treatment with platin-based chemotherapy,which might be the predictive markers for overall survival.

Objective In order to prevent the infection of Acinetobacter baumannii and use antibiotics rationally,the clinical infection and drug resistant data of multi-drug resistance Acinetobacter baumannii (MRAB)detected in intensive care unit (ICU)of Beijing Friendship Hospital from 2011 to 2013were analyzed.Methods This study is a retrospective study.One hundred and eighty five strains of MRAB were collected from the patients in ICU from January 2011 to December 2013.Identificationand antibiotic susceptibility of strains were determined with Vitek-2 Compact automatic bacteria identification system.The annual infection rate of MRAB was counted.PCR was used to detect the resistance genes.The clinical features of the patients with MRAB were analyzed.The average age,acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) Ⅱ score,duration in ICU and mortality ratio of the MRAB patients were compared with the patients without MRAB.Rank-sum test was used to analyze the average age,APACHE Ⅱ score and duration in ICU.Chi-squared test was used to analyze the mortality ratio and annual infection rate.Results The average age [(67 ± 17)vs (59-± 19) years old,Z =-5.365,P =0],APACHE Ⅱ score [(25.68±7.93) vs (17.62±8.39),Z=-14.821,P=0],duration in ICU [(27 ±29) vs (5 ±8) d,Z =-4.342,P =0] and mortality ratio [10.82％ (53/185) vs 28.65％ (147/1 359),x2 =45.92,P =0] of the patients infected by MRAB were significantly higher than those without the infection.The MRAB was found mostly in sputum and bronchial precipitates (83.78％,155/185).Though detection rate reduced yearly and there was a significant reduction in 2013 compared with 2011 [11.07％ (69/469) vs 8.37％ (52/621),x2 =8.755,P =0.003],the drug resistant rate was in high level and did not show any change in the 3 years.OXA-23 and OXA-51 were detected in all MRAB.Conclusions The main drug resistant mechanism of MRAB in ICU is related to OXA-23.More active methods of coutrol and prevention of MRAB should be used in elderly aud severely pneumonic patients.Intensive disinfection and isolation measures can decrease MRAB detection rate.Combined antibiotics should be used in patients with MRAB infection.

This study is to explore the effects of quercetin (QUE) on the 3 week-old mice ovarian development and relative hormone levels. The 3 week-old mice were exposed to QUE (45, 25, and 5 mg x kg(-1) x hd(-1)) by gavage for 50 days. The estrous cycle during 50 days and the changes of hormone level such as FSH, LH, etc were monitored. Moreover, the ovaries were removed after sacrifice. The organ index was measured, and the ratios of different stages of follicles were analyzed by HE staining. Furthermore, the proportion of PCNA positive cells during all stages was detected by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that QUE could increase body weight of mice and reduce the anogenital distance (AGD) to some extent, and was able to disrupt mice's estrous cycle, but it could not extend or reduce the cycle regularity. It increased ovarian organ index with a dose-dependent manner. The proportion of the primordial follicle and secondary follicles rose obviously, and that of mature follicles', atretic follicles' and corpus luteums' reduced, while primordial follicle had no change. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that QUE could effectively increase the percentage of proliferating cells in all kinds of follicles. Serum hormone assay showed that there were significant changes of FSH and LH levels. In summary, QUE showed an estrogen-like effect on mice's ovarian development. The weight of ovary, the proportion of all kinds of follicles, the development of ovarian cells and the level of plasma hormone in mice were altered obviously by oral administration of QUE.

Objective:Nerve fibres distribution in the functional layer of endometrium of women with endometdosis was investigated.Methods:Histological sections of endometrial tissue were prepared from endometrialcurettings and hysterectomies performed on women with endometnosis(n=25)and without endometriosis(n=40).Immunohistochemistry was used to detect nerve fibres by highly specific polyclonal rabbit antibody PGP 9.5.The assessment of nerve fibre density was performed bv Image Pro Plus Discovery.Results:Nerve fibres were identified throughout the functional layers of the endometrium in all endometriosis patients,but not found in the functional layer of the endometrium in women without endometriosis(P<0.01).Conclusions:Nerve fibres detectad in the functional layer in all women with endometriosis may have important implications for understanding the generation of pain in these patients.

Objective To investigate the effect of JUC on the incisions for episiotomy.Methods Three hundred primiparas to undergo episiotomy in our hospital were divided into two groups in equal number.The experiment group was given JUC Spray before suturing and the control group did not use any solution.In the two groups,antibiotics were not used after the operation,and the incisions were only cleaned with 0.5%povidone-iodine 2 times a day.Result There were significant differences between the two groups in terms of postoperative pains,inflammation and healing in the wounds,and hospital stay(P<0.05).Conclusions Application of JUC after episiotomy could be long-acting in antibacteria.It can reduce wound pain,improve wound healing rate, decrease the medical cost and shorten the hospital stay.

Objective To investigate the way that nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and NPC stem cells develops resistance to cisplatin through anti-reactive oxygen species mechanism. Methods Using CCK-8 cell counting kit, we measured the half inhibitory concentration of cisplatin against NPC cellsCNE-2and NPC stem cellsCNE-2S, and compared their resistant index. We examined the differences in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, total glutathi?one (GSH) levels, and total superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels between CNE-2 and CNE-2S at different concentrations of cisplatin administration (0.1,0.5 and 1.0μmol·L-1). Using q-PCR, we determined the mRNA expression level of GSS, GCLC, GCLM, SOD1 and SOD2 after 48 hours administration of cisplatin at 1 μmol · L-1. Protein expression level of SOD2 was also tested using Western Blot after 48 hours administration of cisplatin at 1μmol · L-1. Upon silencing the SOD2 in NPC cell through siRNA, Trypan blue was used to analyze cell survival after cisplatin was administrated at 1μmol · L-1. Results The inhibition concentration of cisplatin against CNE-2 was higher than that against CNE-2S (μmol · L-1:9.8 ± 1.1 vs 2.4 ± 0.6,P<0.05). ROS levels in CNE-2 and CNE-2S both rise with cisplatin administration, but ROS levels of CNE-2 before and after cisplatin treatment were both higher than those in CNE-2S (P<0.05). The total gluta?thione levels in CNE-2 and CNE-2S were both increased after 1μmol·L-1 cisplatin treatment but there is no significant dif?ference in levels of glutathione between these two cell lines. After treated with cisplatin, SOD level were increased in both CNE-2S and CNE-2, but it is higher in CNE-2S than that in CNE-2 (P<0.05). The mRNA levels of GSS, GCLC, GCLM, and SOD1 were not different significantly between in CNE-2 and in CNE-2S with or without cisplatin treatment. However, SOD2 in CNE-2S were higher than that in CNE-2 on both mRNA and protein levels (P<0.05). Silenced SOD2 disrupted the resistance of cisplatin in CNE-2S. Conclusion These data suggest that NPC stem cells (CNE-2S) enhance its drug re?sistance to cisplatin through highly expression of SOD2 which posed anti-ROS capacity.