Objective To discuss the influence of different ways of low-dose corticosteroids infusion on hemodynamics, changes in blood glucose level and prognosis in patients with refractory septic shock. Methods A prospective single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted. Refractory septic shock patients admitted to the Department of Critical Care Medicine of Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital from April 1st, 2013 to October 31st, 2014 were enrolled for the study. The patients were divided into control group and research group by random number table. Besides conventional treatment for septic shock, patients in control group were given 200 mg/d hydrocortisone intravenous infusion lasting for 2 hours, while those of research group were given 8.33 mg/h hydrocortisone per hour with an intravenous pump. Treatment lasted for 5 continuous days for both groups. The changes in heart rate ( HR ), mean arterial pressure ( MAP ), central venous pressure ( CVP ) and arterial blood lactic acid in both groups were observed at the time of enroldment and 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 5 days after the treatment. With a dynamic blood glucose monitor, mean blood glucose ( MBG ) level, largest amplitude of glycemic excursions ( LAGE ), glucose variability ( GV ), and the ratio of hyperglycaemia time were recorded. The duration of shock, length of intensive care unit ( ICU ) stay, total length of hospital stay, and 28-day mortality of both groups were recorded. Results Seventy-nine septic shock patients were assigned to the treatment, with 41 in control group, and 38 in research group. Compared with control group, 6-hour MAP in research group was obviously lowered [ mmHg ( 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa ):66.31±4.38 vs. 68.58±4.86, t=1.062, P=0.033 ], but there were no significant differences in HR, MAP, CVP, lactic acid clearance and norepinephrine ( NE ) utilization rates at other time points between two groups. No significant difference in MBG was found between research group and control group ( mmol/L:8.69±2.14 vs. 9.95±3.87, t=1.771, P=0.080 ), but LAGE, GV, the ratio of hyperglycemia time in research group were significantly lower than those of the control group [ LAGE ( mmol/L ): 17.18±8.97 vs. 22.71±11.80, t = 2.331, P = 0.022; GV ( mmol/L ): 2.57±1.05 vs. 3.16±1.37, t=2.136, P=0.036;the ratio of hyperglycemia time:( 43.1±11.7 )%vs. ( 49.4±15.3 )%, t=2.044, P=0.044 ]. There was no statistical difference in the following features between research group and control group, such as the duration of shock ( days:3.47±0.98 vs. 3.61±1.07, t=0.605, P=0.547 ), length of ICU stay ( days:8.74±3.12 vs. 9.97±3.37, t = 1.543, P = 0.120 ), total length of hospital stay ( days: 18.34±9.27 vs. 19.58±9.83, t = 0.576, P = 0.566 ) and 28-day mortality rate ( 23.68%vs. 26.83%,χ2=0.103, P=0.748 ). Conclusions Compared with slow intravenous infusion, a continuous intravenous supplementation of small amount of hydrocortisone to patients with refractory septic shock could stabilize blood glucose levels and maintain metabolic balance efficiently. However, in both groups there was no significant difference in the efficiency in stabilizing hemodynamics, shortening shock duration, reducing ICU or hospital days and decreasing 28-day mortality.

Objective To analyze the genetic characteristics of H1N1 influenza viruses isolated in Shenzhen during 1995 to 2007. Methods The hemagglutinin(HA) gene of these viruses were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences was performed with Simmonic and Mega software. Results The H1N1 influenza viruses isolated in Shenzhen from 1995 to 2007 were divided into chide A, B and C. Some viruses from 2005 to 2006 clustered in the same group with the viruses of 2001. Furthermore, some of the vaccine strains recommended by WHO were found lagged behind the strains isolated in Shenzhen. Some mu-tations occurred on the antigenic sites as well as receptor-binding site(RBS). Except the viruses of 1995, the other viruses had deleted at the site 137. Conclusion Characterization of the HA gene revealed that most of the amino acid substitutions occurred on the antigenic sites and RBS. Furthermore, it was discovered that the mutations occurred on different antigenic regions in different years.

Objective To explore the influence of different positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular autoregulation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Methods A prospective study was conducted.Moderate or severe ARDS patients admitted to Department of Critical Care Medicine of Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital from January 1st,2013 to October 1st,2013 were enrolled.The changes in hemodynamics,respiratory mechanics and gas exchange under different levels of PEEP were observed.CBF velocity of middle cerebral artery (MCA) was measured using transcranial Doppler (TCD),and breath-holding index (BHI) was also calculated.Results 35 patients with ARDS were included.The oxygenation index (OI),peak inspiratory pressure (PIP),plat pressure (Pplat) and central venous pressure (CVP) were markedly elevated [OI (mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa):324.7± 117.2 vs.173.4± 95.8,t=5.913,P=0.000; PIP (cmH2O):34.7 ± 9.1 vs.26.1 ± 7.9,t=4.222,P=0.000; Pplat (cmH2O):30.5 ± 8.4 vs.22.2 ± 7.1,t=4.465,P=0.000; CVP (mmHg):12.1 ± 3.5 vs.8.8 ± 2.2,t=4.723,P=0.000] when PEEP was increased from (6.4 ± 1.0) cmH2O to (14.5-± 2.0) cmH2O (1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa).But no significant difference in the heart rate (beats/min:85.5 ± 19.1 vs.82.7 ± 17.3,t=0.643,P=0.523),mean arterial pressure (mmHg:73.5 ± 12.4 vs.76.4 ± 15.1,t=0.878,P=0.383) and CBF velocity of MCA [peak systohc flow velocity (Vmax,cm/s):91.26 ± 17.57 vs.96.64 ± 18.71,t=1.240,P=0.219; diastolic flow velocity (Vmin,cm/s) 31.54 ±7.71 vs.33.87 ±8.53,t=1.199,P=0.235; mean velocity (Vmean,cm/s) 51.19 ± 12.05 vs.54.27 ± 13.36,t=1.013,P=0.315] was found.18 patients with BHI＜0.1 at baseline demonstrated that cerebral vasomotor reactivity was poor.BHI was slightly decreased with increase in PEEP (0.78 ± 0.16 vs.0.86 ± 0.19,t=1.905,P=0.061).Conclusions Some of moderate or severe ARDS patients without central nervous system disease have independent of preexisting cerebral autoregulation impairment.However,independent of preexisting cerebral autoregulation may not further be impaired when a high PEEP was chosen.

As society develops,it has become one of the important goals of higher medical personnel training to cultivate medical students' information literacy.After explaining the definition of information literacy,this paper discussed the importance of information analysis and evaluation in information literacy education.

The study is to design chitosan-coated pilocarpine nitrate submicro emulsion (CS-PN/SE) for the development of a novel mucoadhesive submicro emulsion, aiming to prolong the precorneal retention time and improve the ocular absorption. CS-PN/SE was fabricated in two steps: firstly, pilocarpine nitrate submicro emulsion (PN/SE) was prepared by high-speed shear with medium chain triglycerides (MCT) as oil phase and Tween 80 as the main emulsifier, and then incubated with chitosan (CS) acetic solution. The preparation process was optimized by central composite design-response surface methodology. Besides the particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and micromorphology were investigated, CS-PN/SE's precorneal residence properties and miotic effect were especially studied using New Zealand rabbits as the animal model. When CS-PN/SE was administered topically to rabbit eyes, the ocular clearance and the mean resident time (MRT) of pilocarpine nitrate were found to be dramatically improved (P < 0.05) compared with PN/SE and pilocarpine nitrate solution (PNs), since the K(CS-PN/SE) was declined to 0.006 4 +/- 0.000 3 min(-1) while MRT was prolonged up to 155.4 min. Pharmacodynamics results showed that the maximum miosis of CS-PN/SE was as high as 46.3%, while the miotic response lasted 480 min which is 255 min and 105 min longer than that of PNs and PN/SE, respectively. A larger area under the miotic percentage vs time curve (AUC) of CS-PN/SE was exhibited which is 1.6 folds and 1.2 folds as much as that of PNs and PN/SE, respectively (P < 0.05). Therefore, CS-PN/SE could enhance the duration of action and ocular bioavailability by improving the precorneal residence and ocular absorption significantly.

Objective To evaluate the effect of schistosomiasis control in Gongan County,Hubei Province by longitudinal ob-servations so as to provide the evidence for formulating the schistosomiasis control strategy in lake and marshland regions. Meth-ods The schistosomiasis epidemic data in Gongan County from 2000-2013 were collected by the retrospective research method, and analyzed about the changing tendency of human and cattle infection rates,and Oncomelania hupensis snail situation. Re-sults The tendency of schistosomiasis epidemic situation was descended from 2000 to 2013. The human infection rate declined from 12.62%in 2000 to 0.69%in 2013. The decline scope of human infection rate was 24.1%in the first stage,64.4%in the sec-ond stage,and 73.0%in the third stage. Eight acute schistosomiasis cases were reported in the first stage,15 cases in the second stage,and none in the third stage. The cattle infection rate declined from 6.50%in 2000 to 0.30%in 2013. The rise scope of cattle infection rate was 74.2%in the first stage,but the decline scope was 75.0%in the second stage and 87.6%in the third stage. All the cattle were disposal at the end of 2013. The infection rate of snails,area with infected snails,and average density of living snails in the first stage increased by 18.1%,46.0%and 7.6%,respectively. The 3 indexes above-mentioned in the second stage de-creased by 76.8%,97.8%and 37.9%,respectively. In the third stage,the infection rate of snails and area with infected snails de-creased by both 100%,but the average density of living snails increased by 2.7%. The infected snails were found from 2000 to 2011,but none in 2012 and 2013. The infection rate of snails and area with infected snails dropped yearly,the infection rate of snails declined from 0.0007% in 2000 to 0.0002% in 2011,and the area with infected snails declined from 267.8 hm2 in 2000 to 6.37 hm2 in 2011. Conclusions After the implementation of the integrated schistosomiasis prevention and control strategy with the emphasis on infectious source control,the human and cattle schistosome infection rates decline significantly. Hereafter,it is necessary to prevent the schistosomiasis epidemic outbreak or rebound.

AIM: To investigate the signal transduction mechanism of Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) in down-regulating the expression of ATP binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) and ATP binding cassette G1 (ABCG1),the key molecules in cholesterol efflux and atherogenesis,from THP-1-derived macrophages. METHODS: Cpn was propagated in Hep-2 cells. THP-1 monocytes were induced into macrophages by 160 nmol/L phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) for 48 h,and were randomly allocated into 4 groups to incubate continually: control group,50 mg/L low density lipoprotein (LDL); Cpn infection group,Cpn (1×10~6 IFU) and 50 mg/L LDL; Cpn and SP600125 (a special JNK inhibiter) group,THP-1 macrophages were previously treated with different concentrations (1-20 μmol/L) of SP600125 for 1 h,and then infected with Cpn (1×10~6 IFU) and 50 mg/L LDL; SP600125 group,SP600125(20 μmol/L)and 50 mg/L LDL. The expressions of ABCA1/ABCG1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) from each group were detected then. The cholesterol efflux was detected by enzyme-fluorescence. The expressions of ABCA1/ABCG1 and PPARγ mRNA and protein were determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting,respectively. RESULTS: Cpn not only down-regulated the ABCA1/ABCG1 expression,but also down-regulated the expression of PPARγ,which regulated the ABCA1/ABCG1 genes transcriptions. However,the mentioned effects of Cpn infection were restrained by the special JNK inhibitor SP600125 in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Chlamydia pneumoniae may down-regulate ABCA1/ABCG1 expression from THP-1-derived macrophages via JNK-PPARγ signal transduction pathway.

Objective To investigate the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signal transduction pathway on the up-regulation of the expression of acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferasel (ACAT1) induced by Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pn), and to discuss the mechanism of macrophages-derived foam cell formation induced by C. pn. Methods C. pn was propagated in Hep-2 cells. THP-1 monocytes were induced into macrophages by 160 nmol/L phorbol myristate acetate(PMA) for 48 h, and were randomly allocated into four groups to be incubated continually: control group, C. pn infection group, C. pn and SP600125 (a special JNK inhibitor)group and SP600125 group. Lipid droplets in cytoplasm were observed by oil red O staining. The contents of intracellular cholesterol ester were detected by enzyme fluorescence analysis. The expressions of ACAT1 mRNA and protein were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively. Results Compared with the control group, the expressions of ACAT1 mRNA and protein were up-regulated in C. pn infection group [(4.16±0.26) vs. (2.17±0.18), (1.20±0.10)vs. (0.61±0.03), both P<0.05], and C. pn-induced foam cell formation was observed. The expressions of ACAT1 mRNA and protein and the foam cell formation were inhibited by SP600125 in a concentration-dependent manner (r = - 0.92, P<0.05; r= - 0. 96, P<0.05, respectively). Conclusions The up-regulation of ACAT1 expression is induced by C. pn via JNK signal transduction pathway, which is involved in the mechanism of C. pn-induced macrophage-derived foam cell formation.

Objective:To investigate the effects of Chlamydia pneumoniae(Cpn) on SR-A1 and CD36 expression in THP-1-derived macrophages and role of c-Jun NH_2-terminal signal transduction pathway in the process.Methods:Cpn was propagated in Hep-2 cells.THP-1 monocytes were induced into macrophages by 160 nmol/L phorbol myristate acetate(PMA)for 48h,and were randomly allocated into four groups to be incubated continually: control group;Cpn infection group;Cpn and SP600125(a JNK inhibiter)group and SP600125 group.Lipid droplets in cytoplasm were observed by oil red O staining.The contents of intracellular cholesterol ester were detected by enzyme-fluorescence.The expression of SR-A1 and CD36mRNA and protein were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results:THP-1-derived macrophages infected with Cpn resulted in large accumulation of lipid droplets and foam cell formation when co-cultured with LDL.Meanwhile,the expression of SR-A1 mRNA and protein were up-regulated by Cpn infection (P<0.05).However,the expressions of CD36 mRNA and protein in THP-1-derived macrophages infected with Cpn were unchanged.Moreover,the up-regulation of SR-A1 and foam cell formation induced by Cpn could be restrained by the JNK inhibiter SP600125 in a dose-dependent manner,and SP600125 had little impact on the expression of CD36 in THP-1-derived macrophages infected with Cpn.Conclusion:The up-regulation of SR-A1 but not CD36 expression is involved in mechanisms of Cpn inducing foam cell formation.And Chlamydia pneumoniae up-regulates the expression of SR-A1 via the JNK signal transduction pathway.This may be a novel mechanism for the foam cell formation induced by Cpn.

Objective To design and construct a controlled adenovirus vector in degradating by itself after induction for solving the problem of stimulating host immune and producing replication adenovirus and providing a secure exogenous gene vectors for clinical practice. Methods Based on the traditional adenovirus vector AdEasyTM system, we inserted the Cre gene which belongs to Cre-LoxP system into the downstream of Tet-On inducible expression system. Two LoxP sites were inserted into two sides of the shuttle plasmid′s right arm genome. Then, the full-length human insulin gene was inserted HindIII enzyme site. After the recombinant adenovirus infected the rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells , fluorescent protein expression and insulin secretion were detected before or after induction by Dox. Results A new controlled recombinant adenovirus vector carrying human insulin gene was constructed successfully, and was named AdEasyN/INS. After the transfection of this new vector into QBI-293A cells and rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells , green fluorescent protein could be observed. After induction by Dox, both of the ratio of fluorescent cells/total cell and the levels of insulin significantly decreased. Conclusion Construction and preliminary validation of a controlledrecombinant adenovirus vector carrying human insulin gene is constructed successfully , it could infect rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and degradate by itself after Dox induction, realize the controllability of exogenous gene carrier.