Objective To explore the mechanism of immune tolerance in chronic B hepatitis, the effects of HBV infection on the functions of macrophages and related mechanism of signal transduction by transfection in vitro were studied. Methods Peritoneal macrophages of mice were isolated regularly and cultured, transfected transiently with pcDNA3-HBV or pcDNA3 plasmid DNA and cultured under the stimulation of LPS. After 72 h, RT-PCR was performed to detect the expression of PreS1, TNF-? or IL-1? mRNA. To detect the expression of NF-?B RelA protein by FCM, and the level of nitric oxide in cultural supernatant was measured with Griess reaction. Results After being transfected with pcDNA3-HBV,peritoneal macrophages had the expression of PreS1 mRNA, but have lower level of TNF-?、IL-1? mRNA and transcriptional factor NF-?B, compared with pcDNA3-transfected control group; the level of nitric oxide in pcDNA3-HBV group was also decreased. Conclusions Transient transfection of pcDNA3-HBV could decrease the function of macrophages directly by inhibiting NF-?B activity and effector molecules production, which may be one of the mechanisms of immune tolerance in chronic B hepatitis.

Objective To make an epidemiological investigation on TORCH infection in children in Pu′er city of Yunnan prov‐ince ,in order to provide references for the prevention and treatment of TORCH infection in children .Methods A total of 1 194 children treated at this hospital from January to December 2014 were selected and divided into five age groups .Serum TORCH spe‐cific IgM and IgG antibodies were detected by using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) and the positive rate of TORCH specific antibody and TORCH infection rate were comparatively analysed .Results The positive rate of TORCH specific IgM anti‐body was significantly lower than that of IgG .The range of positive rate of IgM was 0 .00% -3 .10% ,and that of IgG was 10 .13% -82 .24% .The total infection rate of TORCH was 96 .98% .There were no significant differences in the infection rate of single item of TORCH or the total TORCH infection rate among the five different age groups(P>0 .05) .The distribution of infec‐tion rate of single item of TORCH among the five age groups was statistically significantly different(P<0 .05) .There was no sig‐nificant difference in the infection rate of TORCH or the distribution of infection rate of single item of TORCH among different sea‐sons(P>0 .05) .Conclusion Children with TORCH infection in this area mainly are infected by CMV ,followed with RV and HSV infections ,while TOX infection is uncommon .There are no obvious differences in different seasons and children in different age groups .

Objective To analyze the results of children′s respiratory tract infection pathogens IgM antibody nine‐combined de‐tection in Pu′er and grasp the epidemiological characteristics of respiratory tract infection of local children for providing reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment .Methods 1 327 cases of children′s blood sample with respiratory tract infection were randomly sampled from in Pu′er People′s Hospital in 2014 .All the samples were tested with nine respiratory tract infection pathogens IgM antibody detection reagent kit(indirect immunofluorescence) ,and the test results were adopted for statistical analysis .Results There were 446 cases positive for IgM antibody in 1 327 cases of respiratory tract infection children ,the total positive rate was 33 .6% .The Positive rate of mycoplasma pneumonia(MP) was the highest ,for 23 .6% .The second was influenza B virus(INFB) , for 18 .5% .The eosinophilic lung legionella type 1(LP) ,adenovirus(ADV) ,respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) ,influenza A(INFA) and parainfluenza virus(HPIVs) were all much lower :respectively for 0 .4% ,1 .1% ,1 .0% ,1 .1% and 1 .0% .It was showed that no positive results were found in Q fever rickettsia(CB) and chlamydia pneumonia(CP) .There was significant difference of the positive rate among 9 kinds of pathogens(P<0 .05) .There was significant difference of the monthly positive rate among the main six patho‐gens(P<0 .05) .There was significant difference of the positive rate in the different age groups(P<0 .05) .Conclusion The respir‐atory tract infection pathogens of children in Pu′er are mainly mycoplasma pneumoniae and influenza B virus .The epidemiological distribution of the pathogens is related to the age and season ,the clinician should reasonably diagnose and treat according to the test results for children .

Objective To observe the changes of serum calcium, phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus product and para-thyroid hormone(PTH)levels after treatment with different concentrations of calcium dialysate in combination with calcitri-ol. Methods Thirty-six patients on maintenance hemodialysis were randomly divided into Dca1.25 group and Dca1.5 group, 18 cases in each group. Patients took different doses of calcitriol on the different values of PTH basis. Changes of se-rum calcium, phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus product,PTH and bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) levels were recorded re-spectively on four time points from prior treatment and 1, 3 and 6 months of therapy. The levels of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were also observed. Results There was an interaction between treatment effects and time effects in serum calcium, phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus product levels in two groups (P＜0.05). With the dura-tion of treatment, there was a trended to decrease and increase respectively in DCa 1.25 group and DCa 1.5 group, and trend-ed to stabilize for therapy 3 to 6 months. There was no interaction between serum PTH and BAP levels and time effects in two groups. There was no statistical difference in simple treatment effects and time effects. The serum PTH level showed a trend of increase gradually in DCa1.5 group with the duration of treatment. In DCa 1.25 group, the serum PTH level trended to stabilize after 3-month therapy and showed a trend of decrease gradually. There was an interaction between treatment effects and time effects in SBP in two groups, but no interaction in DBP. There was a significant difference in SBP before and after treatment in two groups. The level of SBP reduced tardily with time of treatment and reduced significantly after 3 and 6-month therapy. Conclusion The application of DCa1.25 dialysate in combination with calcitriol decreased serum calci-um effectively and kept the lower limit of normal value, which increased tolerability of active vitamin D and calcium carbon-ate therapy, and decreased SBP in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

Objective To investigate the relationship between various stages of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and lipid metabolism and its influencing factors.Methods Seventy-two cases of chronic hepatitis B (CHB),40 cases of liver cirrhosis and 17 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were enrolled.One-way ANOVA analyses were used to compare age,gender,liver function,lipid metabolism,and HBV DNA levels of each group.Pearson correlation analysis was used to study the correlation between HBV DNA and lipid metabolism.Binary Logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the risk factors of cirrhosis and HCC in patients with CHB.Results Differences of age,alanine aminotransferase (ALT),albumin (Alb),triglyceride (TG),and cholesterol(CHO) among the three groups (CHB group,cirrhosis group and HCC group) were statistically significant (all P＜0.05).TG levels in cirrhosis and HCC groups were (-0.061± 0.234)lg mmol/L and (-0.061±0.253) lg mmol/L,respectively,which were both significantly lower than that of the CHB group (0.116±0.182) lg mmol/L (F=11.466,P=0.000).CHO level in cirrhosis group was (0.460±0.333) lg mmol/L,which was lower than that in CHB group (0.586±0.101) lg mmol/L (F=4.892,P=0.009).The HBV DNA levels inversely correlated with TG and CHO levels in CHB group (r=-0.266,P=0.024; r=-0.309,P=0.008,respectively).The HBV DNA levels of cirrhosis and HCC patients positively correlated with ALT levels (r=0.355,P =0.007).Old age (OR=1.096,95％CI:1.025-1.172),low Alb (OR=0.000,95％CI:0.000-0.000),and low levels of ALT (OR=0.128,95％CI:0.026-0.641) were risk factors for development of cirrhosis and HCC in CHB patients (all P＜0.05).Conclusions With the progression of liver injuries,TG and CHO levels are reduced.Further studies of correlation between risk factors for the development of cirrhosis and HCC and lipid metabolism in CHB patients are needed.

Objective To explore the roles of Apelin in the development of gastric carcinoma (GC) and interrelation with MVD. Methods Immunohistochemical streptacidin/peroxidase (SP) technique was adopted to examine the expressions of Apelin in 20 cases of normal gastric mucosa, 20 cases of atypical hyperplasia (Dys) and 60 cases of gastric carcinoma, and to examine MVD by CD34 staining. Results With the development of GC, the positive rate of Apelin was increased gradually, namely 5.0 %(1/20) in normal gastric mucosa group, 15.0 %(3/20) in atypical hyperplasia group and 83.3 %(50/60) in gastric carcinoma. Expression of Apelin was correlated with TNM stage and differentiation. MVD in the Apelin positive group (47.01±11.66) was significantly higher than that in the negative group(38.90±10.21); MVD of the Apelin positive group expression was correlated with the histologic stage, serosa infiltration and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). Conclusion Apelin may contribute to the development of GC by activating tumour neoangiogenesis.

Objective To investigate the geographical distribution of plague host animals in residential areas and the association between plague and its distribution pattern in Yunnan Province.Methods A systematic investigation on fauna and community ecology of rodents was carried out in residential areas of 17 counties(cities) of Yunnan Province,southwestern China with different longitude,latitude and elevation from May 2007 to November 2012.The characteristics of the spatial distribution of flea communities along environmental gradients were analyzed using community structure indexes.Results A total of 390 small mammals were trapped in seventeen counties (cities),and the mammals were classified into 11 species and 7 genus in 4 families.Among all small host mammals,Rattus tanezumi,Rattus nitidus and Rattus norvegicus were dominant species of host animals in residential areas,accounting for 33.85％ (132/390),20.77％ (81/390) and 16.92％ (66/390),respectively.The horizontal distribution of rodents showed that Rattus tanezumi was the widest species in residential areas,which was found at the longitude 98°-105°,followed by Rattus norvegicus,Rattus yunnanensis and Mus musculus.The vertical and latitudinal distributions of rodents were similar in residential areas.Rattus tanezumi was also the widest distributed species,which was observed at the latitude 21°-＜ 28°N and at the altitude 500-＜ 3 500 m; the constituent of Rattus tanezumi showed similar trends of leaning peak curves,first gradually increasing and then decreasing with the increase of latitude and elevation; Rattus tanezumi gradually changed into Rattus nitidus and Apodemus chevrieri,et al.The richness spatial distribution patterns of host animals showed similar trends of leaning peak curves which gradually increased and then decreased with increasing of longitude and latitude; the highest richness was observed at the longitude 98°-＜ 101°E and at the latitude 23°-＜ 28°N.While,the richness spatial d istribution patterns of host animals were relatively poor in the low or the high altitude range.The highest richness was observed at the altitude between 1 000-＜ 1 500 m and 2 000-＜ 2 500 m.Conclusions All spatial patterns of indoor host animals have shown an aggregated spatial distribution in Yunnan Province.Moreover,important environmental factors such as longitude,latitude,and altitude play a substantial role on the distribution patterns of indoor host animals among various focus,therefore directly impact on the modes of prevalence and transmission of plague.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (RLNU) combined with transurethral electric coagulation on upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUTUC).Methods Sixty UUTUC patients were enrolled from Jun.2012 to Apr.2013.The prospective clinical controlled analysis method was adopted in this study.All patients were divided into test group and control group according to the order of admission.Thirty cases (test group) underwent RLNU combined with electric coagulation,and 30 cases (control group) underwent RLNU combined with electric resection.The differences in operation time,blood loss,hospital stay and tumor recurrence rate between the 2 groups were compared.Results All the 60 operations for UUTUC were successful without conversion to open surgery.No intraoperative complications such as great vessels or surrounding organs damage occurred.There were 2 cases loss to follow-up in test group and 3 cases in control group.There were no significant differences in operation time,blood loss,follow-up time,tumor stage and tumor grade between the 2 groups.The hospital stay in the test group was shorter (5.5±2.0 d versus 7.1±2.2 d),the tumor recurrence rate was lower [4％ (1/28) versus 30％ (8/27)],and the differences were significant (P＜0.05).Conclusion Compared with RLNU combined with transurethral electric resection,RLNU combined with electric coagulation has advantages of shorter hospital stay and lower tumor recurrence rate.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy ofXing Nao Kai Qiao(brain-awakening orifice-opening) needling method plus Frenkel's balance rehabilitation exercise in treating lower-limb dysfunction due to different types of ataxia after stroke.MethodA total of 115 eligible patients were randomized into two groups. Fifty-seven cases in the treatment group were intervened by Xing Nao Kai Qiaoneedling plus rehabilitation training; 58 cases in the control group were intervened byXing Nao Kai Qiaoneedling method alone. Berg Balance Scale (BBS) was adopted to evaluate the symptoms, balance function, and therapeutic efficacy before and after the treatment.Result In the treatment group, the markedly effective rate was respectively 72.2%, 83.3% and 61.1% in the cerebella subtype, brainstem subtype and basal ganglia subtype, and the total effectiverate was respectively 100.0%, 94.4% and 94.4%; in the control group, the markedly effective rate was respectively 21.1%, 35.0% and 58.8%, and the total effective rate was respectively 94.7%, 85.0% and 82.4%, and the between-group differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). After the treatment, the BBS score showed significant intra-group differences in both groups (P<0.01); the between-group comparisons showed that there were significant differences in comparing the scores of cerebella and brainstem subtypes after the treatment (P<0.05).ConclusionXing Nao Kai Qiaoneedling method plus Frenkel's rehabilitation exercise can effectively improve the symptoms of poststroke lower-limb ataxia, especially for cerebella and brainstem subtypes.