The pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia exhibit wide inter-individual variabilities in clinical efficacy and adverse effects. Recently. human genetic diversity has been known as one of the essential factors to the variation in human drug response. This suggests that drug therapy should be tailored to the genetic characteristics of the individual. Pharmacogenetics is the field of investigation that attempts to elucidate genetic basis of an individual's responses to pharmacotherapy, considering drug effects divided into two categories as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The emerging field of pharmacogenomics. which focuses on genetic determinants of drug response at the level of the entire human genome, is important for development and prescription of safer and more effective individually tailored drugs and will aid in understanding how genetics influence drug response. In schizophrenia, pharmacogenetic studies have shown the role of genetic variants of the cytochrome P450 enzymes such as CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP2A1 in the metabolism of antipsychotic drugs. At the level of drug targets, variants of the dopamine D_(2), D_(3) and D_(4), and 5-HT_(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors have been examined. The pharmacogenetic studies in schizophrenia presently shows controversial findings which may be related to the multiple involvement of genes with relatively small effects and to the lack of standardized phenotypes. For further development in the pharmacogenomics of schizophrenia, there would be required the extensive outcome measures and definitious, and the powerful new tools of genomics, proteomics and so on.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; Dopamine ; Drug Therapy ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics ; Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Metabolism ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Pharmacogenetics* ; Pharmacokinetics ; Phenotype ; Prescriptions ; Proteomics ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C ; Receptors, Dopamine ; Schizophrenia*

Congenital dislocation of the hip has always presented an unique problem in Orthopedic Surgery. Orthopedic surgeons have been baffled not only by the mystery of its origin, but also by its unpredictable course and the uncertainty of results of treatment. Hippocrates described this condition first with all its distinguishing characteristics, including distortion of the hip, the pathologic gait, the exaggerated lordosis. etc, His prognosis in this luxation of early childhood appeared to be unfavorable. In 1895, Lorenz established a new, decidedly conservative method of treatment. His process involved a complete separation of the two objectives to be fulfilled, namely reduction and retention. To retain this reduction he conceived the motion of fixing the hip for a specific and prolonged period in carefully chosen “primary position” of 90 flexion and 90 abduction by forcibly maintaining the head in its normal location. Ortolani, in 1935, was the first to show that a diagnosis could be establisted immediately after birth. The jerk, click or snap elicited by manipulation of the new born infants hip. Early diagnosis is still the most important aspect of congenital disiocation of the hip. Despite the emphasis on early diagnosis, a disturbingly large number of congenital dislocation of the hip remain undiagnosed until after the child has started to walk. Numerous surgical procedures and modifications have been used. The general types are: 1) Open reduction, 2) Shelf procedure, 3) Innominate osteotomy, 4) Arthroplasty, and 5) femoral osteotomy. These procedures have been useful also with the more difficult problem of residual or recurrent dislocation or subluxation aftertreatment by closed or open method. Congenital dislocation of the hip was not common in Korea like as in western countries. The reasons for this are poorly understood. But racial differences and native customs may offer a partial explanation. The author studied congenital dislocation of the hips in sex incidence, site of predilection, clinical symptoms and signs, X-ray findings, relation to the congenital anomalies and birth history, and the results of treatment. In this study, 57 cases of congenital dislocation of the hip, admitted to the orthopedic department of Severance Hospital during 7 years and 6 months since January 1963 until June 1970, were reviewed. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The annual changes of the numbers of the patients, who were first seen at Severance Hospital, were increasing. 2. The female incidence in Korea is relatively low as compared with the western countries. And the preponderance of females over males is in the ratio of ten to one in bilateral cases and two to one in unilateral cases. 3. The ratio of bilateral cases: right sides: left sides is 1:2: 2.2. 4. In these series, 15 cases of congenital anomalies or diseases in 13 patients are combined and among them, 10 patients are included in teratologic groups. And most common co-existing anomalies are club foot (7 cases). The incidence of the teratologic dislocation in Korea is relatively high as compared with the western countries. 5. The acetabualr index in affected hips showed no relationship to the age factor, but C-E angle, Y-coordinate and height are aggravated according to the increment of age. 6. Closed reduction is satisfactory under the age of 3, but after then the prognosis is poor. 7. Open reduction is recommendable after the age of 3 and under the age of 9. 8. The prognosis of treatment in bilateral cases and teratologic groups is poor.
Age Factors ; Animals ; Arthroplasty ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Dislocations ; Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Foot ; Gait ; Head ; Hip ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Korea ; Lordosis ; Male ; Methods ; Orthopedics ; Osteotomy ; Parturition ; Prognosis ; Reproductive History ; Surgeons ; Uncertainty

No abstract available.
Tibial Fractures*

No abstract available.
Ankle* ; Foot* ; Veins*

A prevalence of anti-HCV and ALT value was analyzed in 89,995 healthy Korean blood donors. The positive rate of anti-HCV was 0.43% (386) and increased with age. And the positive rates of anti-HCV was statistically significant higher in group having elevated ALT level than in group having normal ALT level(P<0.005). The mixed-infection rates of the hepatitis B and C was 0.02%(25/89,995), and statistically the positivity of anti-HCV was higher in HBs Ag positive group than in HBs Ag negative group(P<0.01). On follow up study from 51 donors of the anti-HCV positivity in initial test, 15(29.4 %) cases were continuously positive by follow up test in 5-20 months. But these results were independent of transfusional history and intervals of follow up. The positive rates of anti-HCV during the follow up with reagents of Ortho- I and Ortho-II were 24% and 33% respectively. The positivity of anti-HCV was higher in group had continuously elevated serum ALT level than in group with normal serum ALT level.
Blood Donors ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Hepatitis B ; Humans ; Indicators and Reagents ; Prevalence ; Tissue Donors*

The anxiety disorders make up one of the most common groups of psychiatric disorders. Anxiety is an alerting signal ; it warns of impending danger and enables a person to take measures to deal with a threat. Three major schools of psychological theory-psychoanalytic, behavioral, and existential-have contributed theories about the causes of anxiety. Many drugs are effective in managing distressing signs and symptoms associated with anxiety disorders. As the symptoms are controlled by medication, patients are reassured and develop confidence that they will not be incapacitated by the disorder. Benzodiazepines are useful in panic disorder, phobias, and agitation. In general, benzodiazepines act as hypnotics at high doses and as anxiolytics or sedatives at low doses. The benzodiazepines have become the sedative-hypnotic drugs of first choice because they have a higher therapeutic index and significantly less abuse potential than do many of other sedative-hypnotics. The most common adverse effect of benzodiazepines is drowsiness. Some patients also experience dizziness and ataxia. The most serious adverse effects of benzodiazepines occur when other sedative substances are taken concurrently. When benzodiazepines are used for long periods, they usually cause significant tolerance, dependence, or withdrawal effects. Overdoses with benzodiazepines alone have a predictably favorable outcome. The benzodiazepines should be started at a low dosage, and the patient should be informed about the drug’s sedative properties and abuse potential. Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have a much more favorable profile of adverse effects and have significantly broadened the horizon for pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorder. Three fourths of patients experience no adverse effects at low starting doses, and doses may be increased relatively rapidly in these patients. In the remaining one fourth of patients, most of the SSRIs’ adverse effects appear within the first 1 to 2 weeks, and they generally subside or resolve spontaneously if the drugs are continued at the same dose.
Anti-Anxiety Agents ; Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Ataxia ; Benzodiazepines ; Dihydroergotamine ; Dizziness ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Panic Disorder ; Phobic Disorders ; Sleep Stages

The aim of this study was to compare wear resistance of resin denture teeth opposing various restorative materials. The wear resistance of conventional acrylic resin teeth (Trubyte Biotone) and three high-strength resin teeth(Bioform IPN, Endura, SR-Orthosit-PE) opposing different restorative materials (gold alloys, dental porcelain, composite resin) was compared. Wear tests were conducted with a sliding-induced wear testing apparatus which applied 100,000 strokes to the specimen in an mesio-distal direction under conditions of 100 stroke/min and constant loading of 1Kgf/tooth. Wear resistance of the resin denture teeth was evaluated by the following criteria : 1) wear depth, 2)weight loss, and 3) SEM observation. Results were as follows. 1. When opposed to gold alloys and composite resin, high-strength resin teeth showed superior wear resistance compared to acrylic resin teeth. But, in cases opposing dental porcelain, differences between the wear of the high-strength and acrylic resin teeth were not statistically significant (p<0.05). 2. When comparing wear resistance among high-strength resin teeth, opposing gold alloys, Endura was slightly more resistant and while in cases opposing dental porcelain, SR-Orthosit-PE was showed to be slightly resistant(p<0.05). 3. The wear of high-strength resin teeth was greater by 5 to 7 times when opposing porcelain and 2 to 3 times when opposing composite resin compared to gold alloys(p<0.05). 4. SEM observations of the wear surface showed that wear of resin teeth opposing gold alloys is a fatigue type of wear and wear of resin teeth opposing dental porcelain is fatigue and abrasion type of wear. Trubyte Biotone showed more severe fatigue type of wear than high-strength resin teeth. In conclusion, the use of dental porcelain should seriously be considered as restorative material in cases opposing resin denture teeth and improvement seems to be needed on resin teeth in the areas of wear resistance.
Dental Alloys ; Dental Porcelain ; Dentures* ; Fatigue ; Gold Alloys ; Stroke ; Tooth*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Outpatients* ; Silicon Dioxide*

No abstract available.
Brain* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging*

No abstract available.
Humans