No abstract available.
Humans ; Parturition* ; Spouses*

No abstract available.
Scleroderma, Localized*

The lactic dehydrogenase activities of Ascaris lumbricoides have been assayed according to the developmental course of the fertilized eggs compared with the unfertilized eggs. Experimental procedures were modified that of Wroblewski and La Due's method with use of diphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced form(DPNH). Sodium pyruvate and lactic dehydrogenase, the specific activities were expressed as DPNH unit per mg protein by method of Kornberg's. The experimental results are as follaws: Lactic dehydrogenase activity in fertilized eggs of Ascaris are significantly increased from morula stage and its optimal pH is in 3.4 degrees. While any activities were not observed in unicell stage of fertilized eggs and unfertilized eggs. Water soluble protein of fertilized eggs of Ascaris were varied in their amount during their developmental process. The amont of protein in tadpole stage eggs have increased to 1.3 times more than that of cleavage stage eggs. However the amounts of water soluble protein in unfertilized eggs are revealed to one-third less than that of fertlized eggs. The specific activity of lactic dehydrogenase in tadpole stage eggs are decreased to one third less than those of morula stage eggs during development, the stage is considered to be as a growth criteria in developmental process, as on this point the activity of aerobic cytochrome c oxidase and cyclophorase begin to increase respectively.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; lactic dehydrogenase ; cytochrome c oxidaes ; cyclophorase ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; biochemistry

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training on body fat reduction. A total of 978 high school girls participated in this study (freshmen = 365 ; junior = 300 ; senior = 313). Within each grade, subjects who showed interest in physical exercise were selected and assigned into athletes group (20 for freshmen, 22 for junior, 29 for senior). The athletes group performed aerobic exercise for 100 minutes per day, 5 days a week with 70% of a subject's maximal heart rate. Each subject agreed to participate in this study when she was freshman. Thus, the length of exercise was dependent upon subject grade. That is, senior group was on the exercise program for two and half years, junior group for one and half years, and freshman group for six months. The results are as follows : 1. The mean value of % body fat for athletes group were 21.23 for freshman, 21.57 for junior, and 21.49 for senior. These values were a bit smaller when compared to those for non-athletes groups (26.32, 24.76, 23.65 for freshman, junior and senior, respectively). The comparison of % body fat between athletes and non-athletes group showed that the largest difference was showed in freshman group, followed by junior and senior groups. 2. For the athletes groups there was no significant difference in the mean value of % body fat between 3 grades. However, this was not the case for the non-athletes groups. There was a significant difference (p<001) among the 3 grades for the non-athletes groups, the freshman group being the largest, followed by junior and senior.
Adipose Tissue* ; Athletes ; Exercise ; Female* ; Heart Rate ; Humans

The purpose of this study is to compare the relationship between physical characteristics and % body fat, using the data from senior students at a girl's high school in 1993 (three years ago) and in 1996. The subjects of this study were high school girls in Seoul and were composed of 274 persons in 1993 and 284 in 1996. Their heights, weights and % body fat were measured. The results are as follows : Analyses of t-test revealed that there was a significant difference in height between two groups (p<.001), the mean value of height in 1996 being taller (2.26cm) than that in 1993. However, that of weight between two groups were almost identical. Although the mean value of two groups were similar, examination of the data showed that the maximum value of weight was quite different between the two groups (maximum value in 1993 being 92kg, as compared to 75.5kg in 1996). Also, the comparison of % body fat showed that the mean value in 1996 was larger than that in 1993 (23.66 vs. 22.59, p<.001). In summary, the results of this study suggest that we are not necessarily faced with the state to worry about side-effect by excessive fat accumulation as a result of high school girls' high calory intake. These results may be obtained by several kind of social causes but we must consider the student's stress of S.A.T, increase of class at school, and increasing energy consumption (decrease of S.D).
Adipose Tissue* ; Female ; Humans ; Seoul ; Weights and Measures

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of regular swimming, walking and aerobic exercise on bone density, muscle strength and % body fat in elderly women (above average 65-year-old). Thus, the study suggested that there is basic data for osteoporosis prevension, physical fitness development and health management. This research provided as follows ; 1. The bone density increases of lumbar and femur (femoral neck, ward's triangle, trochanter) site were found as ordinal of aerobic group, walking group, swimming group and control group. 2. The measuring site of muscle strength increases and % body fat decreases were found as ordinal of aerobic group, walking group, swimming group and control group. 3. The bone density of lumbar and femur get significant correlation coefficient with back strength, leg extension and % body fat in the control group. 4. The bone density of lumbar and femur were significant correlation coefficient with back strength and leg extension in the swimming group. Furthermore we can find significant correlation coefficient between bone density of lumbar and % body fat. 5. There are significant correlation coefficient between bone density of lumbar and back strength, leg flexion, leg extension in the walking group. Foremore we can find significant correlation coefficient between bone density of femur and back strength, leg extension and % body fat. 6. There are significant correlation coefficient between bone density of lumbar and grip strength, back strength, leg flexion, leg extension. Furthermore we can find significant correlation coefficient between bone density of femur and grip strength, back strength, leg flexion, leg extension and arm extension. But % body fat would be correlated with bone density of lumbar only. 7. The bone density of the sum of four group in the lumbar and femur was correlated with muscles strength and % body fat. Although swimming exercise of elderly women wouldn't effect the increase of bone density, it influence to muscle strength and leg strength increase. However, walking and aerobic exercise were considered as optimal exercise type for bone density and muscle strength increases. It would be suggested that the study supplies some information for increasing physical fitness and bone density if lifestyle and amount of calcium ingestion so on can be controlled and the exercise prescription of individual according to physical fitness level has been given.
Adipose Tissue* ; Aged* ; Arm ; Body Composition ; Bone Density* ; Calcium ; Eating ; Equipment and Supplies ; Exercise ; Female ; Femur ; Hand Strength ; Humans ; Leg ; Life Style ; Muscle Strength* ; Muscles ; Neck ; Osteoporosis ; Physical Fitness ; Prescriptions ; Swimming ; Walking

No abstract available.
Lipoprotein(a)*

The composition and the structure of the sacrum present the sexual and the racial difference. The variation of the structure is meaningful in the administration of caudal anesthesia which used one of the safest and the most valuable means of local anesthesia. In this study, a morphological investigation of the sacrum in Korean adults was done using 145 dry sacral bones. Non-metrical morphological variations were observed and ten measurements were undertaken. The results of the study were as follows. 1. The five segmented sacrum appeared most commonly (62.1%). Six segmented sacrum appeared 37.2% and the incidence tended to increse according to the age. Four segmented sacrum was noted in one case (0.7%). 2. In 9.7%, deficiences existed in the upper dorsal wall of the sacral canal. In 5.5%, deficiences existed in the middle of the dorsal wall of the sacral canal. 3. The apex of the sacral hiatus was found mostly (28.9%) at the upper third of the body of fifth sacral vertebra. 4. The sacral hiatus was classified into five groups by shape with triangular being the most frequent. 5. There was a significant sexual difference in the antero-posterior and transverse diameters of the first sacral vertebral body, the length of the sacrum, and the length of the sacral hiatus. 6. The average sacral index I was 98.2 in male, and 104.4 in female. Sacral index I was the relationship between the greaster breath to the length of the sacrum. 7. The average sacral index II was 46.6 in male, and 44.8 in female. Sacral index II was the relationship between the first sacral body diameter to the greaster breath of the sacrum. A thorough knowledge of the anatomical features of the dorsum of the sacrum including above results will lead to the decrease in the number of failures in administration of caudal anesthesia.
Adult* ; Anesthesia, Caudal ; Anesthesia, Local ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Sacrum* ; Spine

A morphometric study on the trigeminal ganglion and the intracranial portion of the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves was done in 50 Korean adult cadavers. The shape of the ganglion was classified into 7 types and semicircular shape was most common (54%). Mean width of the trigeminal root at porus trieminus was 6.08mm. The length of the trigemnal root from porus to the trigeminal ganglion was 8.28mm at ophthalmic portion, 10.16mm at maxillary portion, and 8.90mm at mendibular portion. Maximum width of the ganglion was 15.48mm and the breadth of the ophthalmic, and maxillary portion were 5.25mm and 5.26mm, respectively, and that of the mandibular portion (4.92mm) was narrow than the other portion. Intracranial ophthalmic nerve was 4.30mm of width and 17.89mm of length, and this nerve inclined average 39.7。 (range 14.56。) from sagital plane. It was observed infrequently that the cavernous sinus extended to the lateral border of the maxillary nervw and the emissary sinus ran under the mandibular nerve.
Adult* ; Cadaver ; Cavernous Sinus ; Ganglion Cysts ; Humans ; Mandibular Nerve* ; Ophthalmic Nerve ; Trigeminal Ganglion*

The pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia exhibit wide inter-individual variabilities in clinical efficacy and adverse effects. Recently. human genetic diversity has been known as one of the essential factors to the variation in human drug response. This suggests that drug therapy should be tailored to the genetic characteristics of the individual. Pharmacogenetics is the field of investigation that attempts to elucidate genetic basis of an individual's responses to pharmacotherapy, considering drug effects divided into two categories as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The emerging field of pharmacogenomics. which focuses on genetic determinants of drug response at the level of the entire human genome, is important for development and prescription of safer and more effective individually tailored drugs and will aid in understanding how genetics influence drug response. In schizophrenia, pharmacogenetic studies have shown the role of genetic variants of the cytochrome P450 enzymes such as CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP2A1 in the metabolism of antipsychotic drugs. At the level of drug targets, variants of the dopamine D_(2), D_(3) and D_(4), and 5-HT_(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors have been examined. The pharmacogenetic studies in schizophrenia presently shows controversial findings which may be related to the multiple involvement of genes with relatively small effects and to the lack of standardized phenotypes. For further development in the pharmacogenomics of schizophrenia, there would be required the extensive outcome measures and definitious, and the powerful new tools of genomics, proteomics and so on.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; Dopamine ; Drug Therapy ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics ; Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Metabolism ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Pharmacogenetics* ; Pharmacokinetics ; Phenotype ; Prescriptions ; Proteomics ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C ; Receptors, Dopamine ; Schizophrenia*