No abstract available.
Clavicle*

No abstract available.
Clavicle*

PURPOSE: To evaluate normal variations and thus to avoid confusion in differentiation from lesions of the accessory structures (rhomboid fossa, foramen for supraclavicular nerve, conold tubercle) of the clavicle in chest radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied the variations of the clavicle in 300 chest radiographs (134 men, 166 women) and 355 dry bones (right 166, left 189; 151 men, 74 women, 130 unknown sex). RESULTS: In chest radiographs, the incidence of the depressed rhomboid fossa was 229 cases (39.5%;male 52.0%, female 29.9%);the flat type was 329 cases (56.9%;male 45.7%, female 65.7%);and the elevated type was 20 cases (3.5%; male 2.4%, female 4.3%). In the dry bones, the incidence of the depressed thombold fossa was 129 cases (57.3%;male 59.6%, female 52.7%);the flat type was 65 cases (28.9%;male 24.5%, female 37. 8%) ;and the elevated type was 31 cases (13.8%;male 15.9%, female 9.5%). The incidence of the foramen for supraclavicular nerve was 0.8% in chest radiographs, and 1.4% in the dry bones. The incidence of the elevated conold tubercle was 65.1% (male 64.0%, female 65.9%) in chest radiographs, and 96.9% (male 95.4%, female 100.0%) in the dry bones. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of the depressed rhomboid fossa in chest radiographs was higher in men and the right clavicle. The incidence of flat rhombo~d fossa in chest radiographs decreased according to increase of age. The foramen for supraclavicular nerve was occasionally found (0.8% in chest radiographs; 1.4% in the dry bones).
Clavicle* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Radiography, Thoracic* ; Thorax*

PURPOSE: To evaluate normal variations and thus to avoid confusion in differentiation from lesions of the accessory structures (rhomboid fossa, foramen for supraclavicular nerve, conold tubercle) of the clavicle in chest radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied the variations of the clavicle in 300 chest radiographs (134 men, 166 women) and 355 dry bones (right 166, left 189; 151 men, 74 women, 130 unknown sex). RESULTS: In chest radiographs, the incidence of the depressed rhomboid fossa was 229 cases (39.5%;male 52.0%, female 29.9%);the flat type was 329 cases (56.9%;male 45.7%, female 65.7%);and the elevated type was 20 cases (3.5%; male 2.4%, female 4.3%). In the dry bones, the incidence of the depressed thombold fossa was 129 cases (57.3%;male 59.6%, female 52.7%);the flat type was 65 cases (28.9%;male 24.5%, female 37. 8%) ;and the elevated type was 31 cases (13.8%;male 15.9%, female 9.5%). The incidence of the foramen for supraclavicular nerve was 0.8% in chest radiographs, and 1.4% in the dry bones. The incidence of the elevated conold tubercle was 65.1% (male 64.0%, female 65.9%) in chest radiographs, and 96.9% (male 95.4%, female 100.0%) in the dry bones. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of the depressed rhomboid fossa in chest radiographs was higher in men and the right clavicle. The incidence of flat rhombo~d fossa in chest radiographs decreased according to increase of age. The foramen for supraclavicular nerve was occasionally found (0.8% in chest radiographs; 1.4% in the dry bones).
Clavicle* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Radiography, Thoracic* ; Thorax*

No abstract available.
Basal Ganglia ; Hypocalcemia*

The 213 first ribs Koreans were measured and morphologically studied. The results were as follows. 1. On average, the internal straight length of the first rib was 53.7mm (male), 49.9mm (female) ; the external straight length was 79.7mm (male), 75.4mm (female), the maximum straight length was 87.4mm (male), 81.2mm (female) ; the breadth was 15.2mm (male), 14.4mm (female) ; and the thickness was 5.5mm (male), 5.4mm (female). 2. The proportion of the scalene tubercle to the costal breadth was 0% to 90% (average 37%). 3. The incidence of the presence of the groove for the first thoracic nerve was 7.5%. 4. The common shapes of the articular surface of the head were ball-shape(41%), cylinder-shape (25%) and plane-shape (25%) ; and those of the tubercle were cylinder-shape (44%), saddle-shape (31%) and socket-shape (14%).
Head ; Incidence ; Ribs* ; Thoracic Nerves

No abstract available.
Incontinentia Pigmenti*

No abstract available.
Scrub Typhus*

In order to study immunological responses in psoriatic lesions, direct immunofluorescence(DIF) findings in stratum corneum of psoriatic lesions are compared with histopathological changes. The results are summerized as follows: 1) Deposition of Igs or C 3 in stratum corneum of psoriatic lesions was demonstrated in 14(56%) of 25 psoriasis patients. IgG was present in 40% IgA in 48%, IgM in 24%, and C 3 in 32%. However, DIF findings are negative in the str,atum corneum in the uninvolved skin of psoriasiis. In control groups of 12 cases of various skin diseases, DIF findings were negative in the stratum corneum except 1 case of a patient with acne rosacea. 2)DIF findings in 22 cases of histopathologic changes of psoriatic lesions were found in 50% of hyperkeratosis in 48% of parakeratosis in 50% of Munro microabscess, in 50%, of spongiform pustule, and in 57% of the absence of stratum granulosum: ie, about only 50% were positive in DIF results. Histopathologic changes in 11 cases of positive DIF finding in psoriatic lesions were hyperkeratosis in 100%, parakeratosis in 91%, Munro microabscess in 64%, spongiform pustule in 55%, and the absence of stratum granulosum in 73%.
Humans ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Parakeratosis ; Psoriasis ; Rosacea ; Skin ; Skin Diseases

The anxiety disorders make up one of the most common groups of psychiatric disorders. Anxiety is an alerting signal ; it warns of impending danger and enables a person to take measures to deal with a threat. Three major schools of psychological theory-psychoanalytic, behavioral, and existential-have contributed theories about the causes of anxiety. Many drugs are effective in managing distressing signs and symptoms associated with anxiety disorders. As the symptoms are controlled by medication, patients are reassured and develop confidence that they will not be incapacitated by the disorder. Benzodiazepines are useful in panic disorder, phobias, and agitation. In general, benzodiazepines act as hypnotics at high doses and as anxiolytics or sedatives at low doses. The benzodiazepines have become the sedative-hypnotic drugs of first choice because they have a higher therapeutic index and significantly less abuse potential than do many of other sedative-hypnotics. The most common adverse effect of benzodiazepines is drowsiness. Some patients also experience dizziness and ataxia. The most serious adverse effects of benzodiazepines occur when other sedative substances are taken concurrently. When benzodiazepines are used for long periods, they usually cause significant tolerance, dependence, or withdrawal effects. Overdoses with benzodiazepines alone have a predictably favorable outcome. The benzodiazepines should be started at a low dosage, and the patient should be informed about the drug’s sedative properties and abuse potential. Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have a much more favorable profile of adverse effects and have significantly broadened the horizon for pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorder. Three fourths of patients experience no adverse effects at low starting doses, and doses may be increased relatively rapidly in these patients. In the remaining one fourth of patients, most of the SSRIs’ adverse effects appear within the first 1 to 2 weeks, and they generally subside or resolve spontaneously if the drugs are continued at the same dose.
Anti-Anxiety Agents ; Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Ataxia ; Benzodiazepines ; Dihydroergotamine ; Dizziness ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Panic Disorder ; Phobic Disorders ; Sleep Stages