No abstract available.
Clavicle*

No abstract available.
Clavicle*

The 213 first ribs Koreans were measured and morphologically studied. The results were as follows. 1. On average, the internal straight length of the first rib was 53.7mm (male), 49.9mm (female) ; the external straight length was 79.7mm (male), 75.4mm (female), the maximum straight length was 87.4mm (male), 81.2mm (female) ; the breadth was 15.2mm (male), 14.4mm (female) ; and the thickness was 5.5mm (male), 5.4mm (female). 2. The proportion of the scalene tubercle to the costal breadth was 0% to 90% (average 37%). 3. The incidence of the presence of the groove for the first thoracic nerve was 7.5%. 4. The common shapes of the articular surface of the head were ball-shape(41%), cylinder-shape (25%) and plane-shape (25%) ; and those of the tubercle were cylinder-shape (44%), saddle-shape (31%) and socket-shape (14%).
Head ; Incidence ; Ribs* ; Thoracic Nerves

PURPOSE: To evaluate normal variations and thus to avoid confusion in differentiation from lesions of the accessory structures (rhomboid fossa, foramen for supraclavicular nerve, conold tubercle) of the clavicle in chest radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied the variations of the clavicle in 300 chest radiographs (134 men, 166 women) and 355 dry bones (right 166, left 189; 151 men, 74 women, 130 unknown sex). RESULTS: In chest radiographs, the incidence of the depressed rhomboid fossa was 229 cases (39.5%;male 52.0%, female 29.9%);the flat type was 329 cases (56.9%;male 45.7%, female 65.7%);and the elevated type was 20 cases (3.5%; male 2.4%, female 4.3%). In the dry bones, the incidence of the depressed thombold fossa was 129 cases (57.3%;male 59.6%, female 52.7%);the flat type was 65 cases (28.9%;male 24.5%, female 37. 8%) ;and the elevated type was 31 cases (13.8%;male 15.9%, female 9.5%). The incidence of the foramen for supraclavicular nerve was 0.8% in chest radiographs, and 1.4% in the dry bones. The incidence of the elevated conold tubercle was 65.1% (male 64.0%, female 65.9%) in chest radiographs, and 96.9% (male 95.4%, female 100.0%) in the dry bones. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of the depressed rhomboid fossa in chest radiographs was higher in men and the right clavicle. The incidence of flat rhombo~d fossa in chest radiographs decreased according to increase of age. The foramen for supraclavicular nerve was occasionally found (0.8% in chest radiographs; 1.4% in the dry bones).
Clavicle* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Radiography, Thoracic* ; Thorax*

PURPOSE: To evaluate normal variations and thus to avoid confusion in differentiation from lesions of the accessory structures (rhomboid fossa, foramen for supraclavicular nerve, conold tubercle) of the clavicle in chest radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied the variations of the clavicle in 300 chest radiographs (134 men, 166 women) and 355 dry bones (right 166, left 189; 151 men, 74 women, 130 unknown sex). RESULTS: In chest radiographs, the incidence of the depressed rhomboid fossa was 229 cases (39.5%;male 52.0%, female 29.9%);the flat type was 329 cases (56.9%;male 45.7%, female 65.7%);and the elevated type was 20 cases (3.5%; male 2.4%, female 4.3%). In the dry bones, the incidence of the depressed thombold fossa was 129 cases (57.3%;male 59.6%, female 52.7%);the flat type was 65 cases (28.9%;male 24.5%, female 37. 8%) ;and the elevated type was 31 cases (13.8%;male 15.9%, female 9.5%). The incidence of the foramen for supraclavicular nerve was 0.8% in chest radiographs, and 1.4% in the dry bones. The incidence of the elevated conold tubercle was 65.1% (male 64.0%, female 65.9%) in chest radiographs, and 96.9% (male 95.4%, female 100.0%) in the dry bones. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of the depressed rhomboid fossa in chest radiographs was higher in men and the right clavicle. The incidence of flat rhombo~d fossa in chest radiographs decreased according to increase of age. The foramen for supraclavicular nerve was occasionally found (0.8% in chest radiographs; 1.4% in the dry bones).
Clavicle* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Radiography, Thoracic* ; Thorax*

No abstract available.
Basal Ganglia ; Hypocalcemia*

No abstract available.
Scrub Typhus*

The anxiety disorders make up one of the most common groups of psychiatric disorders. Anxiety is an alerting signal ; it warns of impending danger and enables a person to take measures to deal with a threat. Three major schools of psychological theory-psychoanalytic, behavioral, and existential-have contributed theories about the causes of anxiety. Many drugs are effective in managing distressing signs and symptoms associated with anxiety disorders. As the symptoms are controlled by medication, patients are reassured and develop confidence that they will not be incapacitated by the disorder. Benzodiazepines are useful in panic disorder, phobias, and agitation. In general, benzodiazepines act as hypnotics at high doses and as anxiolytics or sedatives at low doses. The benzodiazepines have become the sedative-hypnotic drugs of first choice because they have a higher therapeutic index and significantly less abuse potential than do many of other sedative-hypnotics. The most common adverse effect of benzodiazepines is drowsiness. Some patients also experience dizziness and ataxia. The most serious adverse effects of benzodiazepines occur when other sedative substances are taken concurrently. When benzodiazepines are used for long periods, they usually cause significant tolerance, dependence, or withdrawal effects. Overdoses with benzodiazepines alone have a predictably favorable outcome. The benzodiazepines should be started at a low dosage, and the patient should be informed about the drug’s sedative properties and abuse potential. Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have a much more favorable profile of adverse effects and have significantly broadened the horizon for pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorder. Three fourths of patients experience no adverse effects at low starting doses, and doses may be increased relatively rapidly in these patients. In the remaining one fourth of patients, most of the SSRIs’ adverse effects appear within the first 1 to 2 weeks, and they generally subside or resolve spontaneously if the drugs are continued at the same dose.
Anti-Anxiety Agents ; Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Ataxia ; Benzodiazepines ; Dihydroergotamine ; Dizziness ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Panic Disorder ; Phobic Disorders ; Sleep Stages

No abstract available.
Incontinentia Pigmenti*

Topical fluorouracil therapy is an advanced treatment for actinic keratoses, Bowen's disease, multiple basal cell epithelioma and other precancerous skin lesions. Because of extensive and frequent use of 5-fluorouracil(5 F-U) cream, some untoward effects, mostly allergic contact dermatitis and irritation dermatitis, can be anticipated. We have experienced a case of crural ulcer after accidental application of 5 F-U cream for treating the tinea cruris at drug store. The patient was 21 year oid man who had suffered from erythema, erosion and shallow ulceration with oozing, serosanguinous discharge, buming and stinging sensation on the both groins and its adjacent area of the scrotum. The skin lesion was not well responded to topical corticosteroid but controlled by wet dressing and zinc oxide lotion within 10 days of hospitalization. At the 20th hospital day, the skin was healed with remained follicular hyperpigmentation. A few days later, the tinea cruris was confirmed by direct microsopic examination and culture. Generally, topical 5 F-U spares normal cell, while selectively destroying the more rapidly proliferating celI, but there are some possible factors to induce destruction of non-proliferating cell in the highly penetrating area The skin penetration can be different depending upon the anatomical location.
Bandages ; Bites and Stings ; Bowen's Disease ; Carcinoma, Basal Cell ; Dermatitis ; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact ; Erythema ; Fluorouracil ; Groin ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Hyperpigmentation ; Keratosis, Actinic ; Scrotum ; Sensation ; Skin ; Tinea ; Ulcer* ; Zinc Oxide