PURPOSE: Prader-Willi Syndrome(PWS) is caused by absence of paternal contributions of the chromosome region 15q11-q13. To detact this region, high resolutional cytogenetic analysis, FISH with probe at PWS critical region or microsatellite polymorphism can be used. The gene for the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N(SNRPN) is not expressed in patients with PWS. We conducted molecular analysis with RT-PCR with SNRPN primers to find out more useful diagnostic tool in PWS. METHODS: Four patients with obesity and other characteristics of PWS were studied. The exprssion of SNRPN and control gene were studed by RT-PCR from peripheral lymphocytes. RESULTS :The SNRPN expression in reverse transcribed RNA from blood were easily detected in normal control but not in patients with suspected Parder-Willi Syndrome. CONCLUSION: We conclude that SNRPN expression study is a useful diagnostic method for detection of Prader-Willi Syndrome.
Cytogenetic Analysis ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Obesity ; Pathology, Molecular* ; Prader-Willi Syndrome* ; Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear ; RNA ; snRNP Core Proteins*

Characterizations of the VP4 (P type) and VP7 (G type) genes of Korean isolates of bovine rotavirus were performed using RT-PCR/RFLP and nucleotide sequencing analysis. After RT-PCR amplification of partial length (1094bp) of the VP4 and full length (1062bp) of the VP7 genes, amplified PCR products were digested with restriction endonucleases and digestion patterns were compared with those of reference rotaviruses. With the VP4 genes, four RFLP (AD) profiles were observed; three (A, B and C) were the same as those of bovine rotavirus NCDV (P[1]), IND (P[5]) and B223 (P[11]), respectively, Profile D was the same as that of porcine rotavirus OSU (p[7]). With the VP7 genes, five RFLP profiles (I-V) were observed; three of them (1, II and III) were the same as those of bovine rotavirus NCDV (G6), Cody I-801 (G8), and B223 (G10), respectively, Profile IV and V were atypical to those of reference bovine rotaviruses used in this study. These two profiles were identified as G6 and G5, respectively, after analyzing and comparing the nucleotide sequences. The G typing analysis revealed that 61.9% (26/42) were G6, which included G6 subtype; 28.6% (12/42) were G5; 7.1% (3/42) were G10; 2.4% (1/42) were G8. The P typing analysis revealed that 54.8% (23/42) were P(5); 28.6% (12/42) were P(7); 11.8% (5/42) were P(11); 4.8% (2/42) were P(1). Our results showed that G6/P(5) were the most prevalent rotaviruses in diarrheic calves in Korea. Also, this is the first report that G5P(7) rotaviruses were identified from cattle with diarrhea.
Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cattle ; Diarrhea ; Digestion ; DNA Restriction Enzymes ; Korea ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length* ; Rotavirus*

PURPOSE: To evaluate surface configuration of intervertebral disc on three dimensional CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three dimensional surface images reconstructed from CTscans(1 mm thick) of 20discs in 14 healthy adults were reviewed. Disc surface was classified into peripheral and central zones in contact with consecutive peripheral ring and central endplate. Local irregularity incidence, pattern in radial, concentric, or mixed form, size, location, and extension were observed. Incidence and severity ranges in 4 grades of general irregularity, and peripheral width relative to central radius were evaluated. RESULTS: Normal disc mostly showed smooth surface with few display of small local irregularity(6/20) which was mainly radial in pattern(4/5), posterolaterally located(4/6), and confined within peripheral zone(5/6). General irregularity displayed(5/20) was all grade I and peripheral width was 0.82 of central radius. CONCLUSION: Normal disc shows smooth surface but few may display small local irregularity maybe due to very early degenerative change.
Adult ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intervertebral Disc* ; Radius

No abstract available.
Humans

No abstract available.
Humans

No abstract available.
Orchiectomy* ; Testis*

The middle lobe of the right lungs of 50 Chinese adults were dissected. Their shape, broncho-vascular pattern and interrelationship were studied. A superior angle, hitherto not mentioned in the literature, was identified in 76% of the specimens. In the lungs studied, 84% of the bronchus of the middle lobe bifurcated into a lateral and a medial segmental bronchus, 12% bifurcated into a superior and an inferior segmental bronchus, and in 4% trifurcated into three bronchi. Surface representation of the segmental bronchi of the right middle lobes was examined. The arterial supply of the middle lobe varied from one to three branches. 76% of the cases were supplied by two arteries. The arterial patterns of the middle lobe have been grouped into four types. The middle lobe was usually drained by one to four veins, 56% of the specimens being with only one vein. According to the tributaries of the veins, four types of venous pattern were recognized, most of them (80%) being emptied into the superior pulmonary vein. In 80% of our specimens, an intersegmental vein has been identified. There are only 24% of our specimens in which the vascular pattern was in accordance with that of the bronchial tree.

The origin,arrangement and distribution of the segmental bronchi,arteries and veins of the left upper lobe of lungs have been studied in 50 adult cadavers. The prevailing picture of the bronchi,seen in 96% of the specimens,is the bifurcated type.The superior trunks of the left upper bronchi are mostly found to be divided into an apico-posterior and an anterior segmental bronchi.The patterns of the apico-posterior segmental bronchi,seen in 68% of the specimens,are found to be B~(1+3)a and B~(1+3)b. Many of the anterior segmental bronchi,occuried in about 48%,are usually found to be splitted;and these splittings look much like to be the results of shifting of B~2a.How- ever little variations are found in the lingular trunk and its two segments. The arteries supplying the left upper lobe vary in numbers from 2 to 6;but mostly 3 or 4 branches are seen and this occurs in about 82%.The first branch of them usually goes to the anterior segment,but sometimes it may go to both the anterior and the apico-posterior segments (all together in 76%).Nearly 60% of arteries supplying the anterior segment arise from the anterior part,and about 40% of them from both the anterior and the posterior parts.The majority of arteries,nearly 80%,supplying the lingular segment,arises from the posterior part;10% from the anterior;and another 10% from both the anterior and posterior parts.The level of origin of these lingular segmental arteries is usually lower than or the same as that of the apical segmental ar- teries.All together,80% are found.A great number of arteries passing through the different segments in the left upper lobe have also been recognized in 94% of the cadavers. The veins draining from the left upper lobe usually form 3 trunks,occuring in about 60%.The common picture of the apico-posterior segmental veins are found be- longing to type Ⅱ(48%). In short,many variations are found in the arteries,less so in the veins and only a few in the bronchi of the left upper lobe.As to the number,arrangement,and more distributions of the branches of the arteries,veins and bronchi,variations are seen in the apico-posterior segment,less in the anterior segment and few in the lingular seg- ment.

The distribution and arrangement of the segmental bronchi and blood vessels of the left lower lobe have been studied in fifty Chinese adult cadavers by the same methods as we did in the other four lobes.The bronchus of the left lower lobe usually divided into four segmental bronchi,namely the apical (B~6), the antero-medial basal (B~(7+8)), lateral basal (B~9), and the posterior basal (B~(10)). Occasionally, an extra one, the subapical bronchus (B~*), has been identified in 14% of the specimens in this series.The prevailing pattern (48%) of the branching of the apical bronchus is a bifurcation having the formula "B~6b, B~6a+c". The basal trunk bronchus frequently divides into two stems--commonly B~(7+8) and B~(9+10) (60%). The status of the medial basal bronchus in the left lower lobe has been discussed.Same reason as we have discussed in the bronchial pattern of the right lower lobe, the BX~*(9) and BX~*(10) of the lower lobe should be considered as a posterior ramus of B~9 and B~(10) respectively. The posterior ramus of the lateral basal bronchus (B~9c) has been found in 64% of the specimens, and that of the posterior basal (B~(10)c) in 88%. The distributive extents of the basal segmental bronchus of the left lower lobe, seems to present a tendency of more or less counterclockwise rotation, in contrast with the right lower lobe.In one-fourth of thespecimens, the mode of the branching of the basal artery ismuch more complicated than that of the basal ronchus. The prevailing pattern of thebranches of the apical segmental artery corresponds to the bronchial pattern having theformula "A~6b, A~6a+c" (30%). Similar to the basal trunk, A~(7+8) and A~(9+10) are the chiefpatterns (34%) of the branching of the basal artery. The subapical arteries (A~*) arefound in 14%; it may originate from the lateral basal artery (6%) or the posteriorbasal artery of the superior ramus of the anterior-basal subsegmental artery. Of specialinterest are the two specimens in which A~(10) is displaced upward and arises in commonwith A~6. Such an arrangement is clinically significant.The veins of the left lower lobe coincide with those of the other four lobes, mostof them are located between segments or subsegments. The venous pattern of the leftlower lobe resembles that of the right lower lobe, the left pulmonary vein received V~6and the common basal vein. The common basal veins receives two main tributaries, thesuperior and the inferior basal vein. The former is commonly formed by V~(7+8)a+V~9 and the latter by V~(10). Such instance is present in 36% of the specimens.

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans