1he increased peripheral benzodiazepine receptors are more significant than normal ones after cerebral ischemia. Its main reactions are the multiple pathological changes,including microglial activation, participating in neuroinflammation response, and regulation of mitochondrial function. Using radionuclide-laheled specific ligands of the peripheral benzodiaz-epine receptor (such as PK11195) for in vivo imaging contribute to the location and quantitative detection for brain injury and the study of the pathophysiological changes after cerebral ischemi-a. In addition, this receptor is promising to become a new target of neuroprotective treatment.This article reviews the recent progress in research on peripheral benzodiazepine receptors and cerebral ischemia.

Objective To investigate correlations between peripheral benzodiazepine receptors(PBRs) in mitochondria and synaptosomes in the brain and platelet membrane of rats during aging and to explore the significance of the relationships.Methods Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes were divided into 3-,12-and(24-month) groups.All animals were sacrificed by decapitation and the brains were immediately removed.Mitochondrial components from dissected cerebral cortex and synaptosomal fractions from dissected hippocampus were isolated by gradient centrifugation.The membrane of platelets from venous blood was prepared by the method of hypotonic haemolysis.The specific binding assay of the radioactive PBRs antagonist PK11195 to membrane was performed.(Results A significant) difference about PK11195 binding activity of mitochondria was observed among three groups(F=194.6,P

Objective To examine the clinical characteristics of familial aggregation in migraineurs and to ana-lyze the risk factors. Methods Seventy-two migraineurs were recruited and divided into two subgroups according to family migraine history. The subjects were interviewed in detail with questionnaire including age, disease duration, age at migraine onset,migraine severity, frequency of headache,duration of each attack, aura, unilateral pain, pulsate pain, family history of migraine, family members and other factors. Multi-factors logistic regression analysis was performed to analysis the risk factors after single variable analysis. Results Of 72 migraine patients, 37(51.4%) reported that at least one first-degree relative had a history of migraine. There were no significant differences between migraine sub-groups with and without family migraine history in age (P=0.598), gender(P=0.675), disease duration (P=0.419), aura (P=0.669), headache severity (P=0.837), frequency of attack (P=0.465), concomitant symptoms (P=0.081), headache location (P=0.353), headache property (P=0.963), there were significant differences between migraine subgroups with and without family migraine history in age at disease onset (P=0.023), duration of headache attack (P=0.041), early age (<16 years)at disease onset (48.6% vs. 22.9%, P=0.023) and long duration (≥24 hours)of attack (35.1% vs. 14.3%, P=0.041). Multi-variables logistic regression analysis identified fist-degree relatives of probands who had ear-ly age at disease onset (OR=2.986, 95%CI:1.621~5.503) and long duration of headache attack (OR=2.320, 95%CI:1.219~4.415) had higher risk of migraine (P<0.05). Conclusion Migraineurs with family migraine history have earlier onset of migraine and longer duration of attack. Early age at headache onset and long duration of headache attack are the risk factors of family aggregation.

Objective To investigate the changes of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs)in rat spinal cord synaptosomes during ageing and to explore the correlation between PBRs in spinal cord synaptosomes and PBRs on platelet membranes.Methods A total of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3-month group and 24-month group (n=6 males and 6 females for each).All animals were sacrificed by decapitation and the spinal cords were immediately removed.Synaptosomal fractions from spinal cords were isolated by gradient centrifugation.The platelet membranes were prepared from venous blood by the method of hypotonic haemolysis.The specific binding of the radioactive PBRs antagonist [3H]PK11195 to membranes was determined.Results No significant differences in [3H] PK11195 binding activity in spinal cords and platelet membranes were observed between male and female rats in the same group (all P＞0.05).[3H] PK11195 binding activity in spinal cords and platelet membranes were higher in 3-month group than in 24 month group [(213.94±10.65) fmol/mg pro.vs.(50.65± 2.74) fmol/mg pro.,(104.97± 2.24) fmol/mg pro.vs.(56.20±5.36) fmol/mg pro.,respectively,t=51.418,29.041,both P＜ 0.001].There was a positive correlation between [3H]PK11195 binding activity in platelet membranes and in spinal cord synaptosomes (r=0.985,P＜0.001).Conclusions The level of PBRs is gradually decreased in rat spinal cord synaptosomes with ageing.[3H] PK11195 binding activity of platelet membranes can reflect the changes of PBRs in spinal cords.

Objective To analyze the clinical features and risk factors for epilepsy during the acute phase of aseptic meningitis. Methods 138 cases of aseptic meningitis with complete clinical data were retrospectively reviewed. Among them 21 had seizures, and 117 had not. All of them were inpatients in the same period after meningitis. Based on a standardized questionnaire, a database was established with Microsoft Access 2002 including 51 indexes and some subindexes. Univariate analysis and nonconditional multivariate stepwise logistic regression were carried out based on the summarization of the characters of clinical seizure. Results Fourteen cases (66.7%) manifested generalized seizures in those patients with epilepsy. Seventeen patients (80.1%) experienced epilepsy within 2 weeks after meningitis. The independent risk factors for seizures during the acute phase of aseptic meningitis were the increased contents of cerebrospinal fluid protein (OR=19.40), raised intracranial pressure (OR=8.848), and low-voltage activity in electroencephalogram (OR=5.039). Conclusions Generalized seizure is the major type of epilepsy induced by acute aseptic meningitis. Epilepsy occurred within 2 weeks in most patients with meningitis and seizures. High level of cerebrospinal fluid protein, raised intracranial pressure and low-voltage activity in electroencephalogram were the main predictive risk factors for epilepsy during the acute phase of aseptic meningitis.

Objective To observe the effect of different conserve time in ultra deep cryopreservation (-196 ℃)on physiological characteristics of allograft nerve transplantation .Methods A total of 80 female Wistar rats were divide into three groups by random principle:derived group which 20 rats were sacrificed to get both sides of femoral nerves ;control groups which each group had 10 rats include group A for fresh autologous nerve transplantation ,group B for fresh allograft nerve transplantation ;experiment groups which each group had 10 rats including groups C ,D ,E ,F that transplanted after femoral nerves conserve in the -196 ℃ for 3 ,6 ,9 , 12 weeks respectively ,and the results of exterior appearance ,light microscope ,electron microscope were observed and electrophysi-ological test was conducted after transplantation .Results After 9 weeks transplantation :the physiological characteristics of group B was most affected ,followed by group C ,D ,E ,F ,group A was with minimal impact ;the result of electrophysiological test showed that groups A&B ,A&E ,A&F had significant difference(P<0 .05) .Conclusion The physiological characteristics of allograft nerve transplantation relate to the freezing time .

Objective To evaluate the reliability and validity of a medication dependence questionnaire in mi?graineurs of the Chinese version. Methods One hundred fifteen migraine patients with drug dependence syndrome were included and their clinical data were then collected. All the subjects were interviewed with the medication dependence questionnaire in migraineurs of the Chinese version. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were evaluated ac?cording to test-retest reliability and internal consistency reliability, and the content validity and construct validity respec?tively. Results The test-retest reliability of the questionnaire items was 0.725~1.000 except item 11 (0.558) and item16 (0.443). The internal consistency coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.820, internal consistency coefficient of each di?mension was above 0.7. Every item score was positively correlated with corresponding dimension score (r=0.595~0.962). Seven factors with latent roots greater than 1 could explain 76.3%of total variance, and these factors were relatively pow?erful in related items. Conclusions The medication dependence questionnaire in migraineurs of the Chinese version shows preferable reliability and validity. Thus, this is a promising assessment tool to evaluate the medication dependence in Chinese migraineurs in future clinical practice.

Objective To analyze the clinical features and risk factors of migraine patients with white matter le-sions (WMLs). Methods One hundred ten clinically diagnosed migraine patients who underwent magnetic resonance im-aging (MRI) scans from October, 2010 to August, 2013 were enrolled in Shandong Provincial Hospital. One hundred ten migraine patients were divided into two groups:WMLs group and non-WMLs group based on the presence or absence of WMLs in MRI scans. The clinical features of the patients and location and number of WMLs were investigated. Noncondi-tional multivariate stepwise logistic regression after univariate analysis was used to analyze the data. Odds ratio (0R) and 95 confidence interval after adjustment for possible confounding variables were calculated. Results①There were 36 patients with WMLs among the 110 migraine patients. The incidence of WMLs in migraine patients was 32.7%. The WMLs in migraine patients were predominantly present in the frontal and parietal lobes (59.1%). ② Compared with non-WMLs group, there were significant increases in disease duration (5.3±3.7 vs. 7.6±4.9, P﹤0.01), frequency of head-ache attack (3.5 ± 2.3 vs. 4.6 ± 2.2, P﹤0.05), aura (18.9%vs. 36.1%, P﹤0.05) and family history of migraine (12.2%vs. 44.4%, P﹤0.01) in WMLs group.③The independent risk factors of WMLs in migraine patients were family history of mi-graine (OR=5.995), aura (OR=3.067) and long disease duration (OR=1.165). Conclusions Family history of migraine, au-ra and disease duration are the predictive risk factors of WMLs in migraineurs.

Objective:To study the reliability and feasibility of intranasal(IN)pathway bypassing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and observe the potential neuroprotective effects of intranasal NGF on acute cerebral ischemia. Methods:A blinded, vehicle-controlled study of IN NGF and IV NGF administration was performed by intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Experiment 1: Rats were randomly divided into IN NGF, IV NGF and untreated group (n=4). The concentration of NGF in different brain regions was measured by ELISA. Experiment 2: Rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups: IN vehicle, IN NGF, IV vehicle, IV NGF (n=8 each). Treatments was initiated 30 min after the onset of MCAO and then again 24 h later. Three neurologic behavioral tests were assessed at 24 h and 48h. Corrected infarct volumes were determined 48 h after the onset of MCAO. Results:Olfactory bulb in IN NGF group obtained the highest concentration among all tissues, arriving at 3 252 pg/g, followed by hippocampus. The NGF concentrations of olfactory bulb and hippocampus in IN NGF group were significantly higher than that in IV NGF and control group. The infarct volume in IN NGF group was reduced significantly by 38.8% as compared with IN vehicle. The vestibulomotor function of IN NGF improved significantly at 24 and 48 h (P=0.02 and P=0.04, respectively). Conclusion:Intranasal NGF could bypass BBB, reach the CNS, reduce infarct volume and improve neurological function in rats following MCAO. Intranasal delivery of NGF holds a promising treatment for stroke and other CNS disorders.

Objective To evaluate the auditory and verbal abilities of cochlear implantees using question_naires ,to explore basic rules of the development of auditory and verbal abilities ,and to analyze their relationships with some influencing factors .Methods A retrospective analysis of 107 cases of pre-lingually deaf children with cochlear implantation was conducted with Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale/Meaningful Audi_tory Integration Scale (IT -MAIS/MAIS) ,categories of auditory performance (CAP) and speech intelligibility rat_ing (SIR) for the evaluation of auditory and verbal abilities .An analysis was performed to assess influencing fac_tors ,such as postoperative time ,age at implantation ,physical age at follow -up ,time with hearing aids before im_plantation .SAS 9 .1 .3 was used in statistical analysis .ResuIts A total of 107 pre-lingually deaf children (48 males and 59 females) participated in this study .The postoperative time ranged from 0 to 49 months ,with an average of 9 .0 ± 10 .9 months .The results showed the postoperative time and age at implantation had significant influences on the scores of IT -MAIS/MAIS ,and postoperative time and physical age at follow -up had significant influences on the scores of CAP/SIR (P<0 .05) ,and hearing aids (HA) usage before implantation had no significant influences on these three questionnaires (P>0 .05) .ConcIusion The ages at implantation ,postoperative time and physical age had significant influences on the auditory and verbal abilities of pre-lingually deaf children with cochlear implanta_tion .Further studies are needed to explore their relationships with hearing aids usage before implantation .