Dendritic cells (DCs) have different subtypes with distinct phenotypes and biological functions. Meloyiod dendritic cell subtype is one of the most important DCs subtypes. Recent studies have revealed that human monocytes were composed of CD14++CD16-and CD14+CD16+ subtypes,and mouse monocytes consisted of CD115+Ly6Chigh and CD115+Ly6Clow/-subtypes. Different monocyte subsets differentiate into different dendritic cells subsets with distinct phenotypes and induce different types of immune responses in vivo or in vitro. Under steady state,mouse CD115+Ly6Clow monocyte subtype is an important precursor of dendritic cells in peripheral organs and tissues,but in inflammatory response,CD115+Ly6Chigh monocyte subtype is the main precursor of dendritic cells in peripheral lymphoid organs. CD115+Ly6Chigh monocyte derived dendritic cells can directly present antigens that acquired in peripheral tissues after differentiating into dendritic cells,and transfer their MHC-Ⅰ/peptide complex to residential dendritic cells as well. The cooperation and interaction of dendritic cells from different sources enable the immune system to respond to different stimuli properly.

BACKGROUND:After spinal cord injury, endogenous neural stem cel s are activated to proliferate and migrate to repair damaged tissue. As a clinical medicine, methylprednisolone shows a lot of functions, but its effects on endogenous neural stem cel s are stil unknown.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects of methylprednisolone on the proliferation and migration of endogenous neural stem cel s after spinal cord injury.
METHODS:Seventy-five Sprague-Dawley rats were used to make animal models of T10 complete paraplegia using Al en’s method, and randomized into methylprednisolone, normal saline and model groups. Rats in these three groups were given intraperitoneal injection of 1 g/L methylprednisolone solution at a dose of 30 mg/kg for 10 minutes and at a dose of 5.4 mg/kg/h for 23 hours, given intraperitoneal injection of normal saline at the same dose and given no treatment, respectively. Neurological and motor functions were assessed by somatosensory evoked potential and Basso Beattie Bresnahan scores at 7, 14, 21, 28 days after spinal cord injury. BrdU and Nestin staining of the injured spinal cord segment was conducted.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:A large amount of BrdU-and Nestin-positive cel s were visible in al the groups, and the number of these cel s reached the peach at 14 days after spinal cord injury. Methylprednisolone was found to inhibit BrdU-, Nestin-or double-positive cel s, indicating methylprednisolone can inhibit the proliferation and migration of endogenous neural stem cel s. The results of Basso Beattie Bresnahan scores showed no notable improvement in the motor function of the limbs. Methylprednisolone also showed no significant effects on the motor evoked potential latency, but promoted nerve conduction recovery. Al these findings indicate that methylprednisolone has some hindering effects on spinal cord repair by inhibiting the proliferation and migration of endogenous neural stem cel s after spinal cord injury.

Objective To investigate the effect of gut bacteria under chronic colitis on the progression of hepatoma in mice.Methods 22 hepatitis B virus (HBV) -transgenic mice ( male, 8 weeks) were randomly divided into two groups, one group (n =10) was fed the drinking water containing 2% dextran sodium sulphate(DSS)to induce chronic colitis and the control group(n =12)was fed with normal drinking water.In order to investigate the effect of gut microbes, 7 male HBV-transgenic mice(8 weeks, with no detectable hepatoma under microscopy) were cohoused with 4 mice with hepatoma for 16 weeks.Results No significant liver cell damage was observed in the group of the mice fed with 2% DSS-containing drinking water.By the 22 -week old,9 of the 10 mice(90.0%) fed with 2% DSS-containing drinking water, 2 of the 12 mice(16.7%) fed with normal drinking had hepatoma.Both the hepatoma incidence and the tumor numbers in the group of mice fed with DSS-containing water were significantly higher than that in the controls (P =0.002 and P =0.028respetively).Compared to controls, the bacteria family Prevotella (P =0.022) and Anaeroplasma (P =0.014) reduced significantly in the mice with induced chronic colitis.All the mice (n =7) cohoused with the mice with hepatoma had the liver tumor developed at 24 -week-old.Conclusion Alterations of gut bacteria under chronic colitis may promote the development of liver cancer.

Objective To compare the vascularization of collagen scaffolds with or without growth factors and their efficacy on cardiac function in postinfarcted rats underwent surgical ventricular restoration.Methods Collagen scaffolds were activated with 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride chemistry (EDC) as control or continually covalently immobilized with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF + basic fibrohlast growth factor (bFGF) as experimental groups.Adult SD male rats underwent left anterior descending artery (LAD) ligation to generate transmural myocardial infarction(MI).Four weeks later,by echocardiography,rats with moderate scar size(25％-35％ akinetic area of freedom wall of left ventricle) were screened out,assigned into 3 groups randomly and received the surgical ventricular restocation (SVR).Then,cardiac function was measured by echocardiography at 1w,2w and 4w after patch implantation.At endpoint of study (4w after patch implantation),the rats were sacrificed and the hearts were harvested.Vascularization of patch were determined by capillary density (evidenced by vWFⅧ staining) or mature vessel density (evidenced by SMA staining) respectively.Results The general mortality of the animal model is 15％ (6/40).A significant improvement of cardiac function was observed in all animals at 1 w after patch implantation but that was better preserved in both cytokine-conjugated groups 4w later (control group vs.VEGF group,P ＜ 0.05,control group vs.VEGF + bFGF group,P ＜ 0.01).More capillaries were present in patch with growth factors (P ＜0.05),while significant functional vessel formation was observed only in VEGF + bFGF group (P ＜0.01 vs.control or VEGF group).Additionally,we identified a positive correlation between heart function and mature vessel density (P =0.0297,r2 =0.998).Conclusion The mechanical property of collagen scaffold can be effectively improved by EDC,the growth factors immobilized in scaffold were in favor of vascularization of patch,which may facilitate the preservation of cardiac function posterior to SVR.

China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Liver Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality

Objective: Incidence of primary liver cancer (PLC) in China is mostly related to chronic infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Qidong was one of the endemic areas with high incidence of PLC in China before 2000. We conducted a series of studies regarding on PLC etiological prevention during the past decades to develop better primary prevention strategies for PLC. Methods: Qidong Hepatitis B Intervention Study was conducted in 1983-1990. A total of 41 182 newborns were randomly assigned to vaccination group and 40 211 (97.64%) of them completed the three-dose, 5 µg-plasma-derived hepatitis B (HB) vaccination series at age 0, 1, 6 month. Among them, 28 988 participants received one-dose 10 µg recombinant HB booster vaccination at age 10-14 years. A total of 41 730 newborns were randomly assigned to the control group. When they were at age 10-14 years, 23 368 participants received the catch-up vaccination with three-dose, 10 µg-recombinant HB vaccine. Two cross-sectional HBV serology surveys were conducted in 1996-2000 and 2008-2012. Information on PLC incidence and mortality of chronic liver diseases were collected through cancer registry and vital statistics until December 31, 2016. Cox proportional hazard models were employed to compute hazard ratio (HR) of PLC and other liver diseases for the participants with neonatal HB vaccination or catch-up vaccination, and the protective efficacy was also calculated. Results: During serologic survey in 1996-2000, a total of 22 689 participants in vaccination group and 12 395 participants in control group donated blood samples. The HBsAg seropositive rates in the vaccination group was 2.16% (491/22 689), which is significantly lower than that of control group (9.08%, 1 126/12 395) (χ²=896.61, P<0.001). During serologic survey in 2008-2012, a total of 17 386 participants in vaccination group and 18 060 participants in control group donated blood samples. The HBsAg seropositive rates in the vaccination group was 1.83% (319/17 386), which is still significantly lower than that of control group (6.77%,1 222/18 060) (χ²=518.05, P<0.001). By December 31, 2016, 4 cases of PLC in the vaccination group and 17 cases of PLC were identified in the vaccination and control group, respectively. The estimated efficacy of neonatal HB vaccination on HBsAg seroprevalence in childhood (at age 10-11 years), early adulthood (at age 19-28 years) and incidence rate of PLC at age below 33 years was 79% (95%CI: 76%-81%), 74% (95%CI: 71%-78%) and 79% (95%CI: 36%-93%), respectively. The estimated efficacy of three-dose, 10 µg-recombinant HB catch-up vaccination in early adulthood is 21% (95%CI: 11%-30%), which is significantly lower than that of neonatal HB vaccination. Conclusion HB vaccination to neonates/infants is crucial against chronic HBV infection in childhood through young adulthood, and subsequently reduced the risk of PLC in young adults.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of CCL20/CCR6/Th17 axis in vascular invasion and metastasis of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODSExpression levels of CCL20 mRNA in the normal human liver cell line L-02, and human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines Hep3B, Huh7 and HepG2 were quantified by using SYBR green real time PCR. CCL20 secretions from these cell lines were quantified by using ELISA. The chemotactic effect of HCC cell line Hep3B on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was determined by using transwell chemotaxis assay. Pre-therapy serum levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-23, IFN-γ, TNF-α and CCL20 in 93 patients with HCC were measured by using 9-plex array and ELISA. All the patients were chronic hepatitis B virus associated HCC, and 51 cases were those with vascular invasion and metastasis (metastasis group) and 42 cases were not (non-metastasis group). CCL20 and CCR6 mRNA expressions in the HCC and tumor-adjacent tissues were determined by using SYBR Green real time PCR in 41 patients, among them, 20 cases were from the group of patients with metastasis and 21 cases were from the group of patients without metastasis. The CCL20 expression was further determined by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTSThe HCC cell lines expressed and secreted higher amount of CCL20, which effectively recruited CCR6(+) T cells. Pre-therapy serum levels of CCL20 in 93 HCC patients were (38.2 ± 28.4)pg/ml, significantly increased than those with benign hepatic hemangiomas [(7.8 ± 17.8)pg/ml, P < 0.01]. In addition, the serum levels of CCL20 were positively correlated with the tumor diameters in HCC patients (r = 0.32, P = 0.0018). CCL20 was dominantly expressed in the cytoplasm in HCC cells, and it was also expressed by some infiltrating immune cells. The mRNA expression levels of CCL20 of the tumor tissues were significantly higher than that in the tumor-adjacent tissues (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that serum levels of IL-17 and CCL20 were independent risk factors of metastasis in HCC patients (P < 0.05 for both). CCL20 mRNA showed no statistically significant differences between patients with metastasis and without metastasis in both tumor tissues and tumor-adjacent tissues (P > 0.05 for both). But the patients with metastasis showed significantly higher expressions of CCR6 both in their tumor [5.75 (1.79, 19.13)]and tumor-adjacent tissues [7.99 (4.49, 19.54)] than those with non-metastasis [1.69 (0.76, 2.87) and 3.58 (1.84, 4.32), P < 0.05 for both].

CONCLUSIONCCL20/CCR6/Th17 axis may promote vascular invasion and metastasis hepatocellular carcinoma.

Bile Duct Neoplasms ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; metabolism ; Chemokine CCL20 ; metabolism ; Humans ; Interleukin-10 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-17 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-23 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-8 ; metabolism ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; Liver Neoplasms ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; Th17 Cells ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) has been increasingly used to estimate burden of disease worldwide. By giving a particular attention to DALYs, the objectives of the study were to review various data sources and to conduct an extended estimation on the burden of cancer in China. Based on the publications released by the GLOBOCAN 2008 program and the Global Burden of Disease 2010 (GBD 2010) program, we reviewed the methodological information and gathered DALY data associated with burden of cancer in China, and then we extracted and summarized the data and conducted an extended analysis. From a methodological perspective, both of the programs applied the utility weights mainly from populations other than China. The data from GLOBOCAN 2008 suggests that liver cancer has replaced lung cancer and became the leading cancer in males in China when using DALY rather than mortality rate as the indicator (6.3 million and 5.4 million DALYs, respectively); although the ranking is different, data from the GBD 2010 project shows DALYs caused by liver cancer is comparable to that associated with lung cancer (7.9 million and 8.0 million, respectively). The years lived with disability (YLDs) comprised 26% and 12% of the total DALYs associated with breast cancer and colorectal cancer in China. Both projects suggest that liver cancer might have become or is becoming the leading contributor to males' DALYs in China. There are indications that, along with economic development, YLD will play a more important role in estimation of burden of cancer in China; it suggests that China should consider introducing DALY into the estimation system as early as possible. It also suggests that research on quality of life and utility associated with the major cancers in China need to be systematically conducted to facilitate more accurate DALY estimation.
China ; Cost of Illness ; Disabled Persons ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; Male ; Neoplasms ; Quality of Life ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Regression Analysis ; Research

Objective:To explore the feasibility of the clinical implementation of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans with 6MV photon on two Elekta Linacs (Versa HD and Synergy) after beam matching.Methods:The images of 12 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, central lung cancer and prostate cancer were randomly selected, and the IMRT and VMAT plans were designed. Two different dose tools of ionization chamber and three-dimensional detector ArcCheck were used to verify the individualized radiation treatment of 6MV photon beams on two Linacs and compare the differences.Results:The deviations between the doses of two Linacs (Versa HD and Synergy) measured by the ion chamber and treatment planning system were (0.32±1.32)% and (0.54±1.29)%. The differences of all plans were within the range of ±3%, and the deviations of the point dose between two Linacs were within the range of ±2% with no statistical significance (both P>0.05). The γ analysis of verification using ArcCheck showed that the passing rates of all plans under the 2mm/3% and 3mm/3% with 10% threshold conditions were over 95%, respectively. The average differences between two Linacs were 0.19%(2mm/3%) and 0.09%(3mm/3%). Conclusions:The results of performing IMRT/VMAT plans on two Linacs meet the clinical requirements and the differences between two Linacs are small. Hence, the same plans can be implemented interchangeably on different Linacs.

Disability-adjusted life years(DALYs) has been increasingly used to estimate burden of disease worldwide. By giving a particular attention to DALYs, the objectives of the study were to review various data sources and to conduct an extended estimation on the burden of cancer in China. Based on the publications released by the GLOBOCAN 2008 program and the Global Burden of Disease 2010(GBD 2010) program, we reviewed the methodological information and gathered DALY data associated with burden of cancer in China, and then we extracted and summarized the data and conducted an extended analysis. From a methodological perspective, both of the programs applied the utility weights mainly from populations other than China. The data from GLOBOCAN 2008 suggests that liver cancer has replaced lung cancer and became the leading cancer in males in China when using DALY rather than mortality rate as the indicator (6.3 million and 5.4 million DALYs, respectively);although the ranking is different, data from the GBD 2010 project shows DALYs caused by liver cancer is comparable to that associated with lung cancer(7.9 million and 8.0 million, respectively). The years lived with disability(YLDs) comprised 26% and 12% of the total DALYs associated with breast cancer and colorectal cancer in China. Both projects suggest that liver cancer might have become or is becoming the leading contributor to males' DALYs in China. There are indications that, along with economic development, YLD will play a more important role in estimation of burden of cancer in China; it suggests that China should consider introducing DALY into the estimation system as early as possible. It also suggests that research on quality of life and utility associated with the major cancers in China need to be systematically conducted to facilitate more accurate DALY estimation.