Obj cetive A large number of recent studies show that sevoflurane anesthesia may cause learning and memory dysfunction.The aim of this study was to explore changes of learning and memory ability and hippocampal volume in infantile rats after neonatal interrupted and repeated inhalation of 2.6% sevoflurane through detecting the learning and memory ability by Morris water maze and the hippocampus volume by MRI.Method s Thirty two neonatal SD rats were randomly devided into two groups (n=16):experimental group and control group.Rats inhalated 2.6%sevoflurane in the experimental group and 1 L/min O2 +1 L/min Air in the control group at the postnatal days of 7, 14 and 21 (P7, P14, P21). The learning and memory ability was determined by the Morris water maze test from P31 to P37;The brains of rats were scanned by mag-netic resonance imaging ( MRI) machine under anesthesia with 1%sodium pentobarbital at P37, and the brain and bilateral hippocampal volumes were measured. Results ①In the place navigation test, the escape latency had no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05).In the spatial probe test, the dwelling time, movement distance and number of entering times in platform quadrant decreased slightly in experimental group compared with those in the control group, while there was no significant difference (P>0.05).②The brain volume [(1.53 ±0.18) cm3 vs (1.60 ±0.13) cm3] and right hippocampal volume [(16.15 ±1.76)mm3 vs(16.46 ±1.71)mm3] had no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05).The left hippocampal volume [(16.46 ±1.71)mm3] was decreased in the experimental group compared with the control group [(18.10 ±2.53)mm3](P<0.05). Conclusion The learning and memory ability has no significant changes in in-fantile rats after neonatal interrupted and repeated sevoflurane inhalation and MRI examination of hippocampal volume is not sufficient for the diagnosis of cognitive dysfunction.

Objective To investigate the effect of sevoflurane anesthesia on the expression of hippocampal apolipoprotein E (ApoE) mRNA of rats.Methods Sixty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 300-400 g,aged 15 weeks,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=30 each) using a random number table:50％ oxygen group (group C) and 3.2％ sevoflurane group (group S).The rats in group C inhaled 50％ oxygen for 2 h,while those in group S inhaled 3.2％ sevoflurane in 50％ oxygen for 2 h.Morris water maze test was carried out before anesthesia and at 24 and 72 h after anesthesia.At 2,24 and 72 h after anesthesia,hippocampal specimens were obtained for determination of the expression of ApoE mRNA by RT-PCR.Results Compared with group C,no significant change was found in the escape latency,time of staying at the original platform quadrant,frequency of crossing the original platform,and swimming distance before and after anesthesia,and the expression of ApoE mRNA was up-regulated after anesthesia in group S.There was no significant difference in the escape latency,time of staying at the original platform quadrant,frequency of crossing the original platform,and swimming distance before and after anesthesia,and expression of ApoE mRNA at each time point after anesthesia between the two groups.Conclusion Cognitive dysfunction induced by sevoflurane has no relationship with the up-regulated expression of ApoE mRNA in the hippocampus of rats.

The authors summarize Professor SHI Qi's clinical experience in diagnosing and treating chronic tendon and bone disease.The specific diagnosing and treating thinking and methods could be summarized as follows:1)Three stages,which means chronic tendon and bone disease could be treated according to early,medium and late stages.2) Three differentiations,which include differentiating disease,type and syndrome.3) Three examining,which include seeing patient clearly,reading the disease and getting the key point.In addition,Prof.SHI emphasizes threepoint syndrome differentiation which means the combination of the lesion's target,peri-target and whole syndrome characteristics differentiation.In the process of treatment,Prof.SHI emphasizes three methods combination of herb,technique and breathing technique.Both internal and external treatments should be used.Prof.SHI advocates that the control strategy should be the prevention,treatment and recuperation integration concept,including preventing disease,early treatment to prevent deterioration and preventing reoccurrence after cure.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and security of general anesthesia for elective surgery in infants with mild upper respiratory tract infections (URI). Methods A total of 169 cases of infants underwent general anesthesia for elective surgery, ASAⅠorⅡ, both sexes, aged 20 days to 36 months, were divided into URI group (n=41) and non-URI group (n=128), according to the preoperative symptoms of URI. The general data, the perioperative and postoperative respiratory-related complications were observed and recorded. Results (1) There was a higher incidence rate of breath holding during the operation in URI group than that of URI group. There were no significant differences in cough, sputum, blood oxygen saturation (SpO 2)<0.95, fever, glossoptosis between two groups. No fever was found in both groups. There was a higher incidence rate of sputum after operation in URI group. There were no significant differences in other complications including cough, SpO2<0.95, fever, glos?soptosis and incidence rate of breath holding between two groups. No laryngospasm and bronchospasm were found during operation and after operation in two groups. (2)The incidence of postoperative cough and fever increased, while the inci?dence rates of SpO2<0.95 and glossoptosis were lower after operation compared with those during operation in non-URI group. In URI group, the incidence rate of postoperative fever was higher,and SpO2<0.95 and breath holding was lower. There were no significant differences in other complications in URI group. Conclusion It is feasible and relatively safe to implement tracheal intubation general anesthesia for the infants with mild URI under thorough preoperative assessment and careful opera?tive management.

Objective To evaluate the effects of multiple exposures to sevoflurane anesthesia on the expression of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) in the hippocampus of neonatal rats.Methods Twenty-four pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats (12 males,12 females),aged 7 days,weighing 15-20 g,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=12 each) using a random number table:control group (group Con) and multiple exposures to sevoflurane anesthesia group (group Sev).On postnatal day 7,14 and 21,2.6％ sevoflurane was inhaled for 2 h in group Sev,while the mixed gas of oxygen and air was inhaled instead of sevoflurane in group Con.Morris water maze test was carried out on postnatal day 31-37 to assess cognitive function.The rats were then sacrificed,and the hippocampus was removed to determine the expression of ApoE protein in hippocampal CA1,CA3 and DG regions (by immunohistochemistry) and the expression of ApoE mRNA (by fluorescent quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction).Results There was no significant difference between the two groups in cognitive function (P＞0.05).Compared with group Con,the expression of ApoE protein in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions and ApoE mRNA was significantly up-regulated in group Sev (P＜0.05),and no statistically significant change was found in the expression of ApoE protein in hippocampal DG region in group Sev (P＞0.05).Conclusion Multipie exposures to sevoflurane anesthesia can up-regulate the expression of hippocampal ApoE and produce mild neurotoxicity without causing changes in cognitive function in neonatal rats.

Objective: To investigate eye care behaviors among primary students in Wenzhou during Novel Coronavirus epidemic(COVID-19),and to provide a basis for eye care education and myopia prevention strategy. Methods: A total of 1 127 students from grade one to grade six of six primary schools in Wenzhou were selected to participate in an on-line invistigation regarding class attendance and eye care behaviors during the epidemic, March 6-9, 2020. Results: During the epidemic period, the primary school students in Wenzhou mainly took classes on the Internet (936, 83.1%), and the main learning tools were computers (391, 34.7%) and mobile phones (344, 30.5%), with an average of 3.00 h of online class. On average, students needed 2.00 h to complete homework and 1.00 h of extracurricular reading every day. In addition to learning, the daily use of mobile phone or ipad, computer and TV was 1.00,0.50,1.00 h respectively. Limited by the epidemic situation, the average daily exercise time of students was 0.81 h, including 0.00 h of outdoor activities; the average daily sleep was 9.00 h . During the epidemic period, 553 pupils (49.1%) reported eye discomfort, of which the most common was dry eyes (379, 47.4%). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the main learning tools of non-electronic products, reading distance > 30 cm or not reading, exercise time >0.5 h and outdoor activity time > 0.5 h were the protective factors of ocular discomfort (P<0.05). More than 2 h homework and recreational screen time higher than 0.5 h were risk factors for ocular discomfort(P＜0.05). Conclusion During the epidemic period, online learning increasedeye strain.Time of electronic devices usage,correct posture for reading,moderate level of ourdan physical activity,as well as prevention and treatment of eye strain should be strictly monitored.

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is required for the generation of antibody diversity through initiating both somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination. A few research groups have successfully used the feature of AID for generating mutant libraries in directed evolution of target proteins in B cells in vitro. B cells, cultured in suspension, are not convenient for transfection and cloning. In this study, we established an AID-based mutant accumulation and sorting system in adherent human cells. Mouse AID gene was first transfected into the human non-small cell lung carcinoma H1299 cells, and a stable cell clone (H1299-AID) was selected. Afterwards, anti-hTNF-α scFv (ATscFv) was transfected into H1299-AID cells and ATscFv was displayed on the surface of H1299-AID cells. By 4-round amplification/flow cytometric sorting for cells with the highest affinities to hTNF-alpha, two ATscFv mutant gene clones were isolated. Compared with the wild type ATscFv, the two mutants were much more efficient in neutralizing cytotoxicity of hTNF-alpha. The results indicate that directed evolution by somatic hypermutation can be carried out in adherent non-B cells, which makes directed evolution in mammalian cells easier and more efficient.
Animals ; Antibody Affinity ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytidine Deaminase ; genetics ; metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin Variable Region ; genetics ; immunology ; Mice ; Mutation ; Single-Chain Antibodies ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology ; Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin ; genetics ; immunology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; immunology

Objective: To evaluate the aerosol concentration(PM2.5,PM10.0 and aerosol particle number) formation in non-contact "air-puff" tonometry and provide suggestions for medical workers to take appropriate daily protection during the prevalence of 2019-nCoV. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in this study. Thirty healthy subjects were enrolled on February 22, 2020 at Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by non-contact "air-puff" tonometer in the ophthalmic consulting room and the hall with or without masks. PM2.5, PM10.0 and aerosol particles were recorded by air quality detector. The cumulative effects of IOP measurement, PM2.5, PM10.0 and aerosol particle number were analyzed, and the aerosol density of subjects with and without masks was compared. Results: The PM2.5, PM10.0 and aerosol particles produced by the non-contact "air-puff" tonometry and increased with the increase of spray times. The IOP curves of 60 eyes of 30 subjects were measured respectively in two environments of medical consulting room and medical institution hall. It was found that PM2.5, pm10.0 and particle number fluctuated and increased with the increase of IOP measurement person times, showing cumulative effect, and the accumulation speed of aerosol density in hall was faster than that in consulting room. The density of PM2.5 and PM10.0 produced without gauze mask were (53.417±2.306) and (85.350± 3.488) μg/m³, which were higher than those of (50.567±0.862) and (80.617±1.463) μg/m³ with gauze mask. The differences were statistically significant (P=0.028, 0.019). Conclusions Aerosol can be produced by non-contact "air-puff" tonometer spraying, and it fluctuates with the increase of spraying times, showing a cumulative effect. The aerosol accumulation is higher in the hall with insufficient air circulation. And more aerosol can be produced without gauze mask.