Objective To explore the efficiency of postoperative individualized chemotherapy based on genetic testing results for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Fifty-six NSCLC patients at stageⅡorⅢA who accepted video-assisted thoracic operation were divided into two groups:the individualized chemotherapy group (n=26) and non individual?ized chemotherapy group (n=30). The fresh lung tumor tissue of individualized chemotherapy group was tested target gene,in?cluding excision repair cross complementing 1 (ERCC1),ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1 (RRM1),β-tubulinⅢ,thymi?dylate synthase(TS),epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1). The theraputic plan was based on genetic testing results in individualized chemotherapy group, and the non individualized chemotherapy group re?ceiving gemcitabine plus cisplatin. The 1-year disease free survival (DFS), 2-year disease free survival (DFS), the progres?sion-free survival (PFS) and the overall survival (OS) were compared between two groups. Results The 2-year DFS (57.69%), PFS (22.1 ± 5.0 months) and OS (24.1 ± 3.2 months) were significantly higher in the individualized chemotherapy group than those of non individualized chemotherapy group (respectively 30.00%, 18.9 ± 6.2 months, 21.9 ± 4.3 months, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in 1-year DFS between two groups (88.46%vs 83.33%, P<0.05). Conclusion The individualized chemotherapy based on genetic testing results can enhance the 2-year DFS, PFS, OS and the efficiency of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for NSCLC.