Objective: To understand rural school toilet sanitation conditions in Chongqing during the year of 2015 to 2017. Methods: One primary school and one secondary school from each village were selected from five villages of each district. A total of 265 rural schools from 10 districts of Chongqing including 144 primary and 121 secondary schools were selected. Data was collected through access to information, field observations and onsite interview. Results: The sanitation coverage rate was 78.45%, 92.99%, 100% from 2015 to 2017, respectively. The coverage rate in teaching building was the lowest(43.02%, 51.65% and 57.95% from 2015 to 2017, respectively). Male toilets in secondary schools showed high quality(92.38%, 92.86%, 100.00% for the year of 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively). However, the quality of female toilets in middle schools was poor(33.33%, 53.06% and 68.00% for the year of 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively). Daily sanitation management enhanced by year(29.07%, 40.66% and 69.32% during 2015 to 2017). Soap provision in school toilets decreased with year (53.49%, 40.66% and 1.14% for the year of 2015 to 2017, respectively). Conclusion In the past three years, sanitation condition of rural school toilets in Chongqing has significantly improved. However, toilets in the teaching buildings and dormitories are relatively insufficient. More femalefriendly toilet seats and daily sanitation management require further investment.

Objective To understand the current status of disinfection and sterilization of medical institutions at all levels in 30 counties in Chongqing ,and to guide the work that medical institutions regulate and improve the quality of disinfection and steriliza‐tion ,and urge the relevant departments to strengthen the monitoring of disinfection quality of medical institutions .Methods Using field investigation and sampling inspection method ,the disinfection quality of medical institutions at all levels in 30 counties of Chongqing city was monitored and analyzed .Results From 30 districts and counties ,the medical institutions were sampled from 28 510 parts ,the overall average pass rate of 93 .3% .The qualified rate of medical institutions at all levels from high to low were as follows ,the village health room (96 .7% ) ,urban community medical institutions (96 .6% ) ,district level medical institutions (96 .1% ) ,individual clinic (90 .9% ) ,private hospitals (93 .7% ) and township (street) medical institutions (86 .5% ) .Different types of medical institutions got different qualified rate ,and the difference was statistically significant(χ2 =666 .84 ,P<0 .01) .Pro‐ject with the lowest qualified rate was radiation intensity of ultraviolet lamp(52 .8% ) ,secondly was indoor air (80 .4% ) and differ‐ent projects′qualified rate was significantly different(χ2 =1 706 .81 ,P<0 .01) .Conclusion Medical and health institutions at all levels′s disinfection quality were generally good ,but the village health room monitoring coverage ,ultraviolet light intensity and oth‐er individual monitoring projects need to be improved .

Objective To investigate hand hygiene(HH) status among health care workers(HCWs) in municipal hospitals in Chongqing City, and provide the basis for making effective HH management strategies.Methods In April-June 2016, HH status among 111 HCWs in 24 municipal hospitals of this city were investigated through questionnaire survey, on-site observation, and hand surface sampling.Results All surveyed departments are installed special hand washing facilities, all surveyed HCWs were performed HH through hand-washing by running water.The proportion of HCWs' hand-washing by disinfectant was higher than six-step hand washing (73.87% [n=82] vs 37.84%[n=42], χ2=29.23, P<0.01);the implementation rate of HH before touching patient was higher than that after touching patients (99.10%[n=110] vs 89.19%[n=99], χ2=9.88, P<0.01).During the process of diagnosis and treatment activities, the maximal total number of bacteria on the surface of hand before and after HH were 475 CFU/cm2 and 85 CFU/cm2 respectively, hand surface colony count after HH was higher than before HH(P<0.01).Age, gender, department, and occupation are important factors influencing HH.The total number of bacteria on hand surface of nurses was higher than non-nurse HCWs, the total number of bacteria on hand surface of female, nurses, and HCWs in class I environment were all higher than male, non-nurse HCWs and HCWs in other types of environment, there were significant difference among the groups (all P<0.05).Qualified rates of HH of each group improved after hand washing, the total number of bacterial colony on hands of HCWs all decreased.Conclusion Hand washing facilities and HH efficacy are good in Chongqing municipal hospitals, however,HH compliance needs to be improved among HCWs aged≥35 years,male HCWs, HCWs in class III and IV environmental departments, as well as non-nurse HCWs.

Objective To understand the distribution of iodine content in drinking water of residents in Chongqing.Methods In 2017,according to the "Technical Plan for the Investigation of Iodine Content of Drinking Water in Chongqing",surveys on water iodine content,water source type,well depth and geographical situation were carried out in 38 districts (counties) and Wansheng Economic and Technological Development Zone in Chongqing,with township (town,street office) as a survey unit.Among them,the township (town,street office) with the median of water iodine ＞ 10 μg/L was investigated with a administrative village (residential committee) as a survey unit.The "Method for Iodine Detection in Iodine-deficient and High-iodine Areas" recommended by the National Iodine Deficiency Disease Reference Laboratory was adopted for water iodine detection.The water iodine contents of different water source types,different well depths and different areas were compared and analyzed.Results In 2017,a total of 17 584 water samples were collected in Chongqing.The median of water iodine was 1.7 μg/L,ranging from 0.2 to 124.0 μg/L,with the content ＜ 10 μg/L accounted for 96.13％ (16 903/17 584),10-100 μg/L accounted for 3.86％ (679/17 584),and ＞ 100 μg/L accounted for 0.01％ (2/17 584).Among the 1 023 townships (towns,street offices),1 020 townships (towns,street offices) were water iodine ＜ 10 μg/L,and 3 townships (towns,street offices) were water iodine in 10-100 μg/L,they were Anfu Street (25.8 μg/L),Qingsheng Town (11.8 μg/L) and Longji Town (31.0 μg/L) of Rongchang District.The differences of iodine content between deep well water,tap water andshallow well water (4.2,1.5,1.2 μg/L) were statistically significant (H =2 008.4,P ＜ 0.01).There was a positive correlation between well depth and water iodine (r =0.298,P ＜ 0.01).The medians of water iodine in main,northeast,southeast,and western areas were 1.8,0.8,1.1 and 3.7 μg/L,respectively,and the differences of water iodine content between different regions were statistically significant (H =4 080.5,P ＜ 0.01).The water iodine contents of northeast and southeast areas (both were mountainous areas) were relatively low.Conclusions Chongqing is an iodine deficiency area.In most areas,the iodine content of drinking water is low,and the risk of iodine deficiency in mountainous areas is greater than that in other areas.

Objective To master the current status of iodine deficiency disorders in Chongqing,and provide evidence for scientific prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders.Methods In 2017,a cross-sectional survey method was adopted.In 26 districts (counties) in Chongqing,each district (county) was divided into five sampling areas by east,west,south,north and middle.One township/street (including at least one street) was selected in each area and one primary school was selected in each township/street.Forty non-boarding students aged 8 to 10 years old (half males and half females) were selected from each primary school.Their salt and instant urine samples were collected for salt iodine and urine iodine detection.At the same time,thyroid volume was measured in 8 to 10 years old students in 14 districts (counties).Results A total of 5 546 edible salt samples were collected,including 5 520 iodized salts,5 094 qualified iodized salts and 26 non-iodized salts.The average salt iodine content was 26.1 mg/kg and the range was 23.2 to 30.7 mg/kg.Iodized salt coverage rate,iodized salt pass rate,qualified iodized salt consumption rate,and non-iodized salt rate were 99.53％ (5 520/5 546),92.28％ (5 094/5 520),91.85％ (5 094/5 546),and 0.47％ (26/5 546),respectively.A total of 5 565 urine samples were tested,the median urinary iodine was 221.9 μg/L,urinary iodine ＜ 50 μg/L accounted for 2.98％ (166/5 565),50-99 μg/L accounted for 8.09％ (450/5 565),100-199 μg/L accounted for 31.66％ (1 762/5 565),200-299 μg/L accounted for 30.03％ (1 671/5 565),and ≥300 μg/L accounted for 27.24％ (1 516/5 565).A total of 3 111 children were tested for thyroid volume.The median thyroid volume was 2.6,2.9,3.1 ml in the 8th,9th,and 10th years,and the thyroid enlargement rate was 1.93％ (60/3 111).The districts (counties) had a goiter rate ranging from 0.45％ to 2.74％.Conclusions The consumption rates of qualified iodized salt and the median urinary iodine in Chongqing have reached the national standard for eliminating iodine deficiency disorders.The rate of goiter in children has remained at a low level,but the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in some areas has shown a downward trend.The monitoring of the presence of non-iodized salt districts (counties) should be emphasized.