Solid state fermentation involves the growth of microorganisms on moist solid substrates in the absence of free flowing water. It has gained considerable attention of late years due to its several advantages over submerged fermentation. This paper mainly introduces the characteristics and mathematical models of solid state fermentation and summarizes the development situation of various bioreactors, the design standards and applications.

Objective To establish the model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with selective motor neuron disorder by organotypic spinal cord cultures, and analyze the role of astrocyte in the pathagenisis of ALS.Methods Organotypic spinal cord cultures were prepared using lumbar spinal cord slices from 8-day-old SD rat pups. The threohydroxyaspartate (THA) was applied into culture medium to establish ALS organotypic spinal cord cultures model. Motor neurons survival was evaluated by monoclonal SMI-32 immunohistochemical staining and glial fibrillary acidic protein staining to show astrocyte survival.Results Compared with the control group, there was significantly astrogliosis in the anterior horn and surrounding white matter in THA 100 μmol/L group, and the level of gliosis was increased followed the elongation of THA interference time. With the increasing of the number of astrocyte, the morphology of astrocyte was changed.Conclusion There is significantly astrogliosis in the anterior horn and the time of astrogliosis is markedly earlier than the time of motor neuron loss in the ALS model intervented with THA.

Acute Disease ; Adult ; Female ; Herbicides ; poisoning ; Humans ; Inflammation ; therapy ; Male ; Paraquat ; poisoning ; Poisoning ; therapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Young Adult

Objective:To investigate the correlation between body composition and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Methods:CKD patients who were hospitalized in the Department of Nephrology of Chongqing General Hospital from January 2017 to December 2019 and had complete clinical biochemical data were divided into CKD patients with CVD and CKD patients without CVD according to their medical history and corresponding auxiliary examinations. Clinical data were collected and anthropometric measurements were conducted. Skeletal muscle index (SMI), appendage lean mass/height 2, total body fat (TBF), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), bone mineral capacity, bone mineral density and et al, were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. T test, U test and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between body composition and CVD. Results:A total of 604 CKD patients were included in this study, including 560 patients (92.7%) with CKD stage 3, 44 patients (7.3%) with CKD stage 4, and 180 CKD patients with CVD (29.8%), 424 CKD patients without CVD (70.2%). Compared with CKD patients without CVD, the proportion of men, the proportion of hypertension, the proportion of diabetes, age, duration of CKD, systolic blood pressure, blood uric acid, waist to hip ratio and waist circumference were higher (all P<0.05), while low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were lower in CKD patients with CVD (all P<0.05). In terms of body composition, SMI ( t=-11.964, P<0.001) and body mass index ( t=-4.462, P<0.001) in CKD patients with CVD were significantly lower than those in CKD patients without CVD, but VAT ( t=3.089, P=0.002) and TBF ( t=5.177, P<0.001) in CKD patients with CVD were significantly higher. After adjusting for confounders such as age, CKD duration, hypertension history, diabetes history, LDL-C, body mass index, eGFR, TBF, etc. by multivariate logistic regression analysis, the risk of CKD patients suffering from CVD increased significantly with the decrease of SMI [with SMI high tertile (36.37%-50.80%) as reference, SMI middle tertile (28.23%-36.31%): OR=1.49, 95% CI 1.24-1.71, P=0.003; SMI low tertile (15.28%-28.19%): OR=2.17, 95% CI 1.79-2.62, P<0.001], and VAT was not found to be associated with the risk of CVD in CKD patients ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Reduction of SMI is independently associated with CVD in CKD patients.

Problem-based learning(PBL)is an important part of creative education in medical colleges.Choice and design of cases are of the vital importance to success or failure of PBL course.To enhance students' ability of independent,creative thinking,and their ability of analyzing and solving problems,the roles of primitive cases and model cases as well as interrelation between them were discussed respective- ly.Moreover,five basic principles to be followed in model case design for PBL in Medical Microbiology and Human Parasitology,i.e.objec- tivity,flexibility,consistency,illumination and relevance,were proposed in this study.

Humans ; Prune Belly Syndrome

Objective To explore the differences in clinical and laboratory parameters between elderly and non-elderly patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).Poor prognostic factors in elderly patients were explored to guide the individualized treatment.Methods Two hundred and seventy-nine ALL patients were divided into two groups:elderly group with their age more than 60 years (60-79 years) and nonelderly group with their age less than 60 years (14-59 years).The differences in clinical and laboratory parameters,abnormal molecular genetics on related genes,including IKZF1,PAX5,NOTCH1,PHF6,SH2B3,LEF1,and JAK1,as well as the correlations with treatment response and clinical outcome were compared between the two groups.Results Males accounted for a smaller part in elderly group [42.9 ％ (21/49) vs.61.7 ％ (142/230),P =0.015].The percentage of B cell lineage ALL (B-ALL),Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) and CD33 positive rate were higher in elderly group compared with those in non-elderly group [87.8 ％ (43/49) vs.70.4 ％ (162/230),P=0.009;47.8 ％ (22/49) vs.27.4 ％ (58/230),P=0.007;56.8 ％ (21/49) vs.39.0 ％ (64/230),P =0.049,respectively].While both lymphodenopathy and total complete remission (CR) rate gained the upper hand in non-elderly group [38.9 ％ (81/230) vs.20.0 ％ (9/49),P=0.016;91.3 ％ (178/195) vs.68.3 ％ (28/41),P＜ 0.001,respectively].Moreover,elderly group had lower 3-month,6-month,12-month and 24-month overall survival (OS) rates (64.6 ％ vs.84.4 ％,P=0.001;50.0 ％ vs.73.8 ％,P=0.001;29.2 ％ vs.52.4 ％,P=0.003;6.2 ％ vs.26.2 ％,P=0.003,respectively) than those of non-elderly group.No significant differences in mutation rates of PAX5,NOTCH1,PHF6,SH2B3,LEF1 and JAK1 were found (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Compared with non-elderly ALL patients,elderly ones harbor their intrinsic characteristics which might give rise to inferior outcomes.As a consequence,more attention should be poured into treating this particular group of ALL patients to improve their prognosis.

Objective To investigate the onset of left ventricular remodeling (LVRM) after acute myocardium infarction (AMI) and its changes within 6 hours in dogs on echocardiography. Methods AMI was induced in 14 dogs by ligating the left anterior descending arteries. Eight myocardium infarcted models were successful and were sacrified for pathological study. The indices of LVRM: wall infarction thickness (WIT), the wall motion score index (WMSI), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were evaluated before and 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h and 6 h after operation. Results Compared with the pre-operation, WIT and LVEF were decreased (P<0.01), LVESV and WMSI were increased (P<0.01), and LVEDV was increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01) at every time point after operation. WIT had no significant difference at 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5h and 6h after operation (P＞0.05). LVEDV, LVESV were higher (P<0.05) and LVEF was lower (P<0.05 or P<0.01) at 4 h, 5 h, and 6 h than at 1 h, and 2 h after operation. WMSI was higher at 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, and 6 h than at 1h (P<0.05). Conclusions In our experiment, LVRM occurred at 1 h after AMI in dogs. Thus echocardiography may evaluate early LVRM.

Background Oxidative damage plays an important role in pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration( AMD ),and its mechanism is the destroy of blood-retinal barrier.Müller cells is a primary component to stabilize the inner barrier of the blood-retina.Researches showed that epidermal growth factor(EGF) can promote the proliferation and migration of animal Müller cells,but less study was found in the effect of EGF on human Müller cells. Objective The present study was to investigate the effects of EGF on the proliferation and migration of human Müller cells and its molecular mechanism. Methods Human Müller cell line MIO-M1 cells were cultured and incubated,and cultured cells were identified using glial fibrillory acidic protein (GFAP),factor Ⅷ,α-smooth muscle actin( α-SMA ),keratin and S-100.Different concentrations of EGF( 0,1,10,30,100 mg/L)was added in freeserum DMEM,and the positive rate of the cells was calculated using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine(BrdU) method.The cells were divided into EGF group,H2 O2 group,EGF + H2 O2 group,glucose oxidase ( GO ) group,GO + EGF group,EGF + LY294002+H2O2 group according to the different intervention,and the effects of LY294002 on the proliferation of Müller cells (A590 )were detected by colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival( MTT assay).The scratch test of Müller cells was used to assess the influence of EGF(0,1,10,30,100 mg/L)on H2 O2-induced damage of human Müller cell.Western blot was used to detect the cell proliferation under the protection of EGF on co-cultured cells using LY294002 and H2O2 and the activation of Akt signal pathways. Results The proliferative rates of the cells were 28.0％,32.9％,39.0％ in 10,30,100 mg/L EGF groups respectively and obviously higher than those in 0,1 mg/L EGF groups (24.5 ％,26.2 ％ ).Under the H2O2 culture,GO culture,respectively,the A570 value of the Müller cell in high concentrations of EGF groups was significantly increased in comparison with lower concentrations EGF groups with the statistical significance among the groups( F=23.582,P=0.000).Compared with EGF+H2O2 group,the A570value of the Müller cells was lowed in EGF+LY294002+H2O2 group.The maximum migration rate of Müller cells was found in 10 mg/L EGF group.Western blot revealed that the presence of H2O2 reinforced the expression of Akt in Müller cells,however,pretreatment with 100 mg/L EGF antagonized the harmful effect of H2O2 on Müller cells.Meanwhile,pretreatment with EGF and LY294002 reduced the expression of Akt in Müller cells. Conclusions EGF can induce the proliferation and migration of human Müller cells with the strongest effect in 10 mg/L.100 mg/L exogenous EGF has a stronger protection to the Müiller cells against H2O2-induced cell damage by activating the PI3KAkt cell survival pathway.

Objective To evaluate the value of ultrasound (US) in assessment knee joint inflammation in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis(JRA).Methods US scans of the knees obtained in 30 children at clinically active stage; JRA was compared with those obtained in 30 healthy children and 10 JRA patients in clinical remission.Results Changes in synovial membrane thickness and presence of fluid in suprapatellar bursa showed statistically significant differences between JRA patients with active disease and the other subjects.Alterations in contour of the articular cartilage were demonstrated in 10 knees of patients with JRA.Conclusion US is a simple sensitive and reliable methods for the assessment and monitoring of knee joint involvement in JRA.