AIM: To compare the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer ( RNFL ) thickness and peripapillary topographic map's parameters between amblyopic eyes and non -amblyopic eyes in adolescent with anisometropic amblyopia by optical coherence tomography(OCT).
METHODS: Thirty - four juveniles with anisometropic amblyopia were selected. Peripapillary RNFL thickness and peripapillary topographic map were measured by frequency domain OCT with both eyes in all participants, and the differences between amblyopic eyes and non -amblyopic eyes were compared.
RESULTS: There was no significant difference in average thickness of peripapillary RNFL and in any other region of peripapillary RNFL. The disc area in amblyopic eyes was bigger than that in non - amblyopic eyes ( t =2. 8054,P= 0. 0263). The disc area in amblyopic eyes were significantly related to the thickness of nasal RNFL and the rim area(r= 0. 7592,0. 7501;P= 0. 0289,0. 0321).
CONCLUSION: There existed some difference in peripapillary structure between amblyopic eyes and non-amblyopic eyes in adolescent with anisometropic amblyopia.

AIM: To evaluate the effects of 23G vs 20G pars plana vitrectomy ( PPV ) combined with internal limiting membrane peeling, phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation for macular epiretinal membrane with cataract. ·METHODS: Totally 45 eyes of 45 patients with macular epiretinal membrane and cataract were enrolled in this retrospective non-randomized controlled clinical study. All eyes were treated with PPV combined with internal limiting membrane peeling, phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. There were 20 eyes in 23G PPV group, and 25 eyes in 20G PPV group. The best corrected visual acuity ( BCVA ) , intraocular pressure (IOP), counting of corneal endothelial cells ( CEC) and central retinal thickness ( CRT ) were examined before surgery. BCVA results were converted to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution ( LogMAR ) visual acuity. All operations were performed by the same doctor. Operation time for vitrectomy and membrane peeling, average ultrasound energy ( AVE) and effective phacoemulsification time ( EPT ) were recorded. BCVA and CRT were observed postoperatively at 30d and 90d, counting of CEC was observed postoperatively at 90d. IOP was observed postoperatively at 1d and 7d. ·RESULTS:The mean operation time for vitrectomy were 12. 57± 1. 35min in 23G group and 17. 30 ± 1. 19min in 20G group. The difference was statistically significant ( t =-12. 488, P<0. 01). There were no statistical significances in operation time for membrane peeling, AVE and EPT between 23G and 20G groups ( t=-0. 68,-1. 186,-0. 737, P=0. 500, 0. 242,0. 465). On 1d after surgery, IOP in 23G group was lower than that in 20G group, the difference was statistically significant (t= -2. 345, P=0. 024). The BCVA and CRT of the two groups both improved after operations. There were no statistically significant differences between two groups in terms of IOP, BCVA, and CRT ( F = 0. 465, 1. 895, 0. 689; P = 0. 499, 0. 176, 0. 411). IOP, BCVA and CRT were significant statistical different in different time-point within each group ( F=291. 245, 103. 06, 665. 402, P<0. 01 ). Different surgical methods of 23G and 20G had interactive effects on IOP with different time points ( F = 13. 245, P<0. 01 ), but different surgeries had no interactive effects on BCVA and CRT with different time points (F=1. 212, 2. 293;P=0. 283, 0. 129). The counting CEC in 23G group was more than that in 20G group postoperatively at 90d, the difference was statistically significant (t=2. 049, P=0. 048). ·CONCLUSION: The 23G PPV combined with internal limiting membrane peeling, phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation for macular epiretinal membrane with cataract is effective. Compared with 20G PPV, 23G PPV has advantages in operation time for vitrectomy and counting CEC. But lower IOP is likely in 23G PPV on 1d after surgery

Appropriate selection and measurement of lead biomarkers of exposure are critically important for health care management purposes, public health decision making, and primary prevention synthesis. Lead is one of the neurotoxicants that seems to be involved in the etiology of psychologies. Biomarkers are generally classified into three groups: biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility.The main body compartments that store lead are the blood, soft tissues, and bone; the half-life of lead in these tissues is measured in weeks for blood, months for soft tissues, and years for bone. Within the brain, lead-induced damage in the prefrontal cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum can lead to a variety of neurological disorders, such as brain damage, mental retardation, behavioral problems, nerve damage, and possibly Alzheimer's disease, Parkinsons disease, and schizophrenia. This paper presents an overview of biomarkers of lead exposure and discusses the neurotoxic effects of lead with regard to children and adults.
Alzheimer Disease ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; pathology ; physiopathology ; psychology ; Animals ; Behavior ; drug effects ; Biomarkers ; metabolism ; Brain ; metabolism ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Brain Diseases ; chemically induced ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Environmental Exposure ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Lead ; pharmacokinetics ; toxicity ; Lead Poisoning ; etiology ; metabolism ; pathology ; physiopathology ; psychology ; Neurotoxicity Syndromes ; etiology ; metabolism ; pathology ; physiopathology ; psychology ; Parkinson Disease, Secondary ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; pathology ; physiopathology ; psychology ; Schizophrenia ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; pathology ; physiopathology

TTI gene coding for Tsetse thrombin inhibitor was modified with E.coli bias codon and expressed in Escherichia coli with high efficiency.Recombinant protein was purified to more than 98% purity.Assay for enzyme activity determination was set up.The result showed that the fusion protein exhibited inhibiting activity for thrombin.Inhibitory rate of purified TTI was 73% when concentration of thrombin and substrate was 10U/ml and 250?mol/L respectively.Inhibition pattern was determined as competitive with Ki at 35?mol/L.

Objective To study the clinical significance of the serum angiopoietin-2(Ang-2) in the diagnosis,recurrence,invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer.Methods The serum Ang-2 and carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) levels in 158 patients with gastric cancer (gastric cancer group) and 30 normal controls(control group) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) technique respectively.The serum Ang-2 and CEA levels were also measured 2 weeks after operation in gastric cancer group and reexamined in the recurred gastric cancer patients in 2 years after operation (recurred and metastasis group).The correlation between the serum Ang-2 level and pathologic c haracterization of gastric cancer was evaluated.Results The serum Ang-2 and CEA levels in gastric cancer group [ (331.8 ±64.3),(42.6 ±37.3)μg/L] and recurred and metastasis group [(318.7 ±72.9),(40.5 ±36.7)μg/L] were significantly higher than those in control group [ (187.4 ± 32.7),(4.2 ± 3.1 )μ g/L] (P ＜ 0.01 ),and the serum Ang-2 level 2 weeks after operation [ (211.6 ± 75.1 ) μ g/L ] was significantly decreased to the control group (P ＞ 0.05 ),while the serum CEA level [ (33.4 ± 30.6) μ g/L ] was still significantly higher than the control group (P ＜ 0.01 ).The sensitivity of the serum Ang-2 for diagnosis of gastric cancer was markedly higher than that of the serum CEA (P ＜ 0.01 ).There was correlation between serum Ang-2 and degree of tumor differentiation,TNM pathological staging,lymphatic metastasis,invasion depth and tumor size (p ＜0.01 ),but there was no correlation between serum Ang-2 and tissue classification and location of gastric cancer (P＞ 0.05).Conclusion The serum Ang-2 level is suggested to be a valuable gastric cancer marker and conduce to the diagnosis of gastric cancer,the monitoring of recurrence after operation and evaluation of prognosis.

· AIM: To explore the dynamic expression and correlation among telomerase catalytic subunit (TERT), proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( PCNA) and antiapoptosis protein Bd-2 which relate to cell proliferation in epiretinal membrane of rat traumatic proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR).· METHODS: S-P technique was applied for immunohistochemical staining of epiretinal membrane of traumatic PVR with TERT, PCNA and Bcl-2 antibody. HE staining was also carried out. The staining results were analyzed with image analysis system.· RESULTS: The positive rate and average A of PCNA protein were upregulated at first and then down-regulated, with the peak value in 14d Group, which was significantly different from those in 7d Group and 28d Group.The positive rate and average A of TERT and Bcl-2 were also upregulated at first and then down-regulated, with the peak value in 14d Group and 21d Group, which were significantly different from those in 7d Group. There was significant correlation among PCNA, Bcl-2 and TERT protein expression (P≤0.01).· CONCLUSTON: TERT and Bcl-2 take part in the regulation of proliferative cells in epiretinal membrane of traumatic proliferative PVR, with high correlation with the dynamic changes of cell proliferation.

Abstract： Objective　To investigate and analyze the factors influencing the direct medical costs of tuberculosis patients in Hainan Province, so as to provide scientific reference for reducing the medical burden of patients and adjusting the medical insurance reimbursement policies in the local area. Methods　Using the total health expenditure accounting data of Hainan Province in 2020, including the outpatient and inpatient data of 14 provincial medical institutions, 235 city and county level medical institutions, and other relevant data from the 2020 Hainan Statistical Yearbook and Health Financial Yearbook, the direct medical costs of tuberculosis patients in the province in that year were calculated, and the influencing factors were explored using single factor analysis and multivariate generalized linear model. Results　The final number of cases included in this study was 11 979, including 7 526 males (62.83%) and 4 453 females (37.17%). The total direct medical costs of patients were 43.207 3 million yuan, of which the total outpatient costs were 2.733 9 million yuan (6.32%) and the total inpatient costs were 40.473 4 million yuan (93.67%). In the cost composition analysis, the drug cost was 17.971 million yuan (41.44%), the examination cost was 8.854 7 million yuan (20.49%), other costs were 16.445 5 million yuan (38.06%), and the median (quartile) M(P25,P75) direct medical cost of each patient was 177.50 (66.73,764.89) yuan. The multivariate generalized linear model analysis showed that hospitalization, new rural cooperative medical insurance (NRCMI) and urban employee medical insurance were the influencing factors of the increase in direct medical costs of tuberculosis patients the median (quartile) M(P25,P75) of direct medical costs are 10 425.04 (6 560.87,17 374.9), 10 246.5 (5 871.28,17 220.33), 3 177.2 (293.09,7 730.23) yuan respectively; the OR(95%CI) values were -3.505 (-3.499- -3.517), 1.559 (1.551-1.569) and 2.191 (2.188-2.207) respectively. Conclusions　The direct medical costs of tuberculosis patients in Hainan Province are high. Hospitalization, the new rural cooperative medical insurance and the medical insurance for urban workers are the influencing factors of the increase in costs.

AIMTo analyze the distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms in Han ethnic population from Northern China.

METHODSAllele frequencies in a sample of healthy Chinese Hans (n = 204) were determined by polymerase chain reactions followed by restriction analyses with specific endonucleases.

RESULTSThe SNP 27916722 A/C in exon 11 from the NCBI database was not detected in this population. And there were significant differences between the allele frequencies of the SNPs (27930097 C/G and 27920978 C/T) in Han ethnic population from Northern China and those in the NCBI.

CONCLUSIONIt is suggested that the SNPs of sTnT are different in different ethnic populations.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Ethnic Groups ; genetics ; Exons ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Troponin T ; classification ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the cardiac effect of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and to explore the underlying mechanism.

METHODSThe video tracking system and spectrofluorometric method were used to measure the cell contraction and intracellular calcium. Fura-2/AM was used as a calcium fluorescence probe. Langendorff perfusion technique was used to determine the effect of IL-2 on the intact heart.

RESULTSCompared with the control group, IL-2 5 U/ml, 50 U/ml significantly decreased cell contraction amplitude [(74.95+/-4.79) vs (98.09+/-5.02)%, (64.30+/-5.24) vs (97.38+/-4.05)%], peak velocity of cell shortening [(70.23+/-4.85)% vs (98.09+/-5.46)%, (61.15+/-5.20)% vs (97.38+/-6.85)%], peak velocity of cell relengthening [(71.22+/-4.79)% vs (98.32+/-6.08)%, (68.16+/-5.24)% vs (97.55+/-5.00)%] and end- diastolic cell length [(88.28+/-5.84)% vs (97.95+/-5.52)%, (84.18+/-6.52)% vs (98.94+/-6.76)%]. IL-2 (5 U/ml, 50 U/ml) also markedly inhibited intracellular calcium transient [(74.94+/-4.90)% vs (98.09+/-3.74)%,(71.00+/-5.28)% vs (97.38+/-5.52)%], and elevated end-diastolic calcium level of ventricular myocytes [(113.91+/-5.93)% vs (100.10+/-3.02)%, (119.09+/-7.12)% vs (100.52+/-6.00)%], which were attenuated by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (Nal,10 nmol/L). In the isolated perfused rat heart,when compared with the control group, IL-2 50 U/ml markedly decreased left ventricular developed pressure [(79.91+/-2.18) vs (93.84+/-2.94)mmHg], maximal rate of rise of left ventricular pressure [(2370.7358.29) vs (2591.50+/-62.81)mmHg] maximal rate of fall of left ventricular [-(1460.95+/-38.6) vs -(1634.24+/-54.05) mmHg/s] and heart rate [(217.35+/-10.56) vs (244.52+/-11.23) beats/min], but increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (11.44+/-1.02 vs 9.23+/-0.46). Pretreatment with Nal (10 nmol/L) antagonized the cardiac depression and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure elevation induced by IL-2.

CONCLUSIONThe cardiac effect of IL-2 is mediated by opioid receptors on the membrane of cardiomyocytes.

Animals ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Depression, Chemical ; In Vitro Techniques ; Interleukin-2 ; pharmacology ; Male ; Myocardial Contraction ; drug effects ; Naloxone ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Opioid, kappa ; drug effects ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of survivin antisense oligodeoxynucleoties (ASODN) transfection mediated by cytofectin on apoptosis and cisplatin resistance in cisplatin resistant human lung adenocarcinoma A549/CDDP cells in vitro.

METHODSA549/CDDP cells were cultured routinely in RPMI-1640 medium. Survivin ASODN mediated by cytofectin was transfected into the A549/CDDP cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry SABC assays were performed to determine the regulation of survivin expression by ASODN. The influence of ASODN transfection on apoptosis was determined by fluoroscence microscopy and Hoechst staining, agarose gel electrophoresis, flow cytometry and caspase-3 colorimetric assay. MTT assay was performed to detect the cell viability, half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) and cisplatin resistance index (RI) were thereby calculated.

RESULTSTransfected by survivin ASODN for 48 h, down-regulation of survivin expression was measured, of which mRNA and protein expression was significantly down-regulated to 41.56% and 0.864 +/- 0.045, respectively (P < 0.05). Transfection with survivin ASODN caused typical apoptotic changes, including characteristic chromatin condensation, nuclear shrinkage, nuclear cleavage and the cells grew more regularly, and some cells were floating. Typical DNA ladder pattern was observed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, apoptotic index and caspase-3 activity was enhanced to 34.03% and 1.1298 +/- 0.2502, respectively (P < 0.05). It was significantly different as compared with the control group. While combination with ASODN and 10 micromol/L cisplatin caused far more distinctive apoptotic alterations, of which AI and caspase-3 activity reached to 65.85% and 1.6805 +/- 0.2758, respectively (P < 0.05), and even compared with the single ASODN group, the difference was still significant (P < 0.05). Transfected with survivin ASODN only or with combination of cisplatin for 48 h, the inhibitory rate of cell growth was enhanced to 59.3% and 83.7% (P < 0.05), respectively, while inversely, the cell viability reduced to a lowest value. The half-maximum inhibitory concentration of cisplatin was reduced from 225.03 +/- 10.59 micromol/L to 158.84 +/- 4.26 micromol/L, and the resistant index was conversely reduced from 11.9 to 8.39. Non-sense oligodeoxynucleotides (NSODN) and liposome had no effect on the cells growth (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONTransfection with survivin ASODN can to a great extent reverse the cisplatin resistance in human cisplatin resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells A549/CDDP in vitro, and can thereby significantly inhibit the growth of the cells. The mechanism of reversal of resistance to cisplatin by this transfection can be associated with specific down-regulation of survivin expression, which decreases the threshold of apoptosis, induces more pronounced apoptosis,and reverses the resistance to apoptosis induced by cisplatin in A549/CDDP cells in vitro.

Adenocarcinoma ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cisplatin ; pharmacology ; Down-Regulation ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; drug effects ; Humans ; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins ; Lung Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Neoplasm Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense ; genetics ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Transfection