To enhance the scientific research participation of the medical postgraduates, and pro-mote core competitiveness of the medical colleges, based on analysis of the necessity of patent application in medical colleges postgraduate, we constructed the teaching teams including the medical professors, patent engineers, graduate teaching manager, and science and technology managers. The problem-based learning (PBL) and case-based learning (CBL) as teaching methods were used in practice. The patent courses included the reference search and analysis, basic knowledge of patent law, and patent application training module were constructed; and the teaching effect were evaluated and optimized through the scores of the patent basic theory test, research output, and the training of the patent application. The patent course of the medi-cal postgraduates provides a reference for cultivating the compound talents have scientific research innova-tion and patent application capability.

OBJECTIVETo observe a turning performance in the rats excited by using a proper electrical stimuli of the barrel cortex region (BC), and the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the BC regions after electoral stimulation.

METHODSSD rats were divided into three groups. The stimulation electrodes were surgically implanted into the bilateral BC regions in the control group and the experimental group rats. The experiment group post surgery for seven days was given the electrical impulses via connection with the electrodes for three times each day through consecutive three days. Three groups of the rats were killed and the brains were quickly removed for frozen sections and then performed with conventional HE and immunohistochemistry staining. And protein samples were prepared from brain and the hippocampus tissues of the three groups to detect the level of the ChAT protein by Western blot.

RESULTSThe experimental rats turn left or right when continuously stimulation in the bilateral BC regions with electric pulse. HE staining showed no significant damage around electrodes in the cerebral cortex. Compared with the control and blank groups, the ChAT positive rate in the brain section in the experimental rats was significantly high by immunohistochemistry assay; the level of the ChAT protein in the rats given the electrical stimulation increased.

CONCLUSIONTurnings performance of the rat could be initiated hy electrical stimuli in the BC region. Expression of ChAT is significantly higher in the BC regions of rat under electrical stimulation, suggesting that acetylcholine might be associated with signal transmission between senses and movement behavior in the nervous central system.

Acetylcholine ; metabolism ; Animals ; Cerebral Cortex ; metabolism ; Choline O-Acetyltransferase ; metabolism ; Electric Stimulation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

AIMTo observe the changes of MMP-2, 9 level on atherosclerosis in experimental rats by treatment of 2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-0-beta-D glucoside (TSG) and to investigate the mechanism of TSG in stabilizing plaque and anti-atherosclerosis.

METHODSThe atherosclerosis model of rat was made by feeding high grease food and injecting VitD3. Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, Simvastatin, model and TSG 120 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), TSG 60 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) and TSG 30 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1). After 12 weeks, several aorta were randomly tested, model and TSG 120 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), TSG 60 mg kg(-1) x d(-1) and TSG 30 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1). After 12 weeks, several aorta were randomly tested, model made was successful when we found plaque. And after six weeks treating, the mRNA expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were measured by RT-PCR. The activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were measured by Western blot. The levels of CRP, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in serum were measured in biochemical method.

RESULTSData of the study demonstrated that the level of TNF-alpha, IL-6, CRP, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were remarkably decreased by TSG60, 120 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) groups, which showed a dose-dependent effect.

CONCLUSIONTSG has the effect of anti-atherogenic and stabilizing plaque on the experimental rats with atherosclerosis, which are induced by the high cholesterol feeding and VitD3 injecting. The effect of TSG seems to be closely involved in regulating the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and inhibiting inflammation.

Animals ; Atherosclerosis ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; C-Reactive Protein ; metabolism ; Glucosides ; isolation & purification ; therapeutic use ; Interferon-alpha ; blood ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Polygonum ; chemistry ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stilbenes ; isolation & purification ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVETo investigate the factors influencing the prognosis of penis-sparing surgery (PSS) for early-stage penile cancer.

METHODSWe retrospectively studied the clinical data about 45 cases of early-stage penile cancer treated by PSS from January 2007 to December 2014. We calculated the rate of local recurrence-free survival by the Kaplan-Meier method, and conducted univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses on the relevant factors including the patient's age, marital status, tumor location, tumor size, postoperative sexual life, histological grade, and TNM stage.

RESULTSOne-year and three-year local recurrence-free survival rates were 95.5% and 52.2%, respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the histological grade (P = 0.039) and postoperative sexual life (P = 0.049) were independent factors for the prognosis of PSS. Logistic regression showed the patients age to be significantly associated with histological grade (P = 0.014).

CONCLUSIONHistological grade and postoperative sexual life are important independent prognostic factors of PSS for early-stage penile cancer, and the patients age is associated with the prognosis of PSS through its influence on the tumor grade.

Age Factors ; Disease-Free Survival ; Humans ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Grading ; Organ Sparing Treatments ; Penile Neoplasms ; surgery ; Penis ; surgery ; Prognosis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Quality of Life ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVETo explore selection and efficacy assessment for membranous urethral trauma caused by pelvic fracture.

METHODSFrom June 2000 to August 2010, 72 patients with membranous urethral trauma caused by pelvic fracture were selected. There were 46 males and 26 females,ranging age from 26 to 62 years (averaged 35.2 years). The time from injury to hospitalization time was 1 to 3 hours. According to Tile pelvic fracture classification, there were 8 patients with type A, 45 patients with type B, 19 patients with type C. Thirty of the 35 patients with partial rupture of posterior urethral were treated by catheterization,5 patients treated by rupture anastomosis on the stage I combined with cystostomy; 25 of the 37 patients with complete rupture of posterior urethra were treated by early realignment, and 12 patients were treated by cystostomy. Urinary incontinence, impotence and urethrostenosis were evaluated.

RESULTSAll patients were followed up for 5 to 10 years (mean 7.7 years). Incidence of urethrostenosis, impotence and urinary incontinence in patients treated by cystostomy were significantly higher than rupture anastomosis on the stage I and early realignment (P < 0.05); while incidence in patients treated by catheterization was significantly lower than other groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONFor patients with partial rupture of posterior urethral, catheterization and rupture anastomosis on the stage I are preferred methods; while patients with complete rupture of posterior urethra, early realignment is a preferred method with advantages of simple operation and less complications.

Adult ; Female ; Fractures, Bone ; complications ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pelvic Bones ; injuries ; Retrospective Studies ; Urethra ; injuries ; surgery

Objective To assess the quantitative relationship between the distribution of Himalayan marmot and its ecological environment,the terrain,the temperature and the precipitation,using remote sensing and geographic information system in Qinghai province.Methods The distribution of Himalayan marmot was located by Google Earth and ArcGIS software and by using field survey data provided by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.The corresponding ecological environment of marmot including terrain,temperature and precipitation were derived from the spatial information datasets.All results were processed according to the overlay and statistics analysis using ArcGIS software.Results Seventy-seven point twenty-seven percent(153/198) of Himalayan marmot were distributed in the area of elevation between 3000 and 4000 meters.The number of marmot reached the highest when the slope was between 0 and 17 degrees,and aspect range was between 91 and 270 degrees,180 degree was as south direction.During the period with the maximum temperature of the warmest month of 14.3-17.5 ℃,17.6-20.8 ℃ and 20.9-24.0 ℃,the distribution of marmot reached 95％(186/198) of the total area.Meanwhile,most of the marmot were presented in the area with average precipitation of 46-108 mm.Conclusions A quantitative analysis of appropriate ecological environment of Himalayan marmot in a large scope is carried uul successfully using remote sensing and geographic information system.The study indicates that spatial information technology has important applications in plague prevention and control.

OBJECTIVETo detect the velocity and viscosity of blood flow of the vertebral arteries, the apoptotic cell and apoptotic related protein in the brain in order to offer theoretical foundation for the treatment of cervical spondylopathy of the vertebral artery type with the eliminat dampness resolv phlegm method.

METHODSSixty male Japanese big ear rabbits were divided randomly into normal sodium group (A), Flunarizine group (B), low dosage Wendantang group (C), large dosage Wendantang group (D), Flunarizine group combined with large dosage Wendantang group (E), normal group (F). Each group had 10 rabbits. Xiaozhiling injection was injected around the vertebral arteries of rabbits in group A, B C, D, E to make the model of the cervical spondylopathy of the vertebral artery type. Normal sodium (20 ml x kg(-1)d(-1)) was apply through intragastric administration in group A, F; Flunarizine (0.8 mg x kg(-1)d(-1)), low dosage Wendantang (1 g x ml(-1)d(-1)), large dosage Wendantang (2 g x ml(-1)d(-1)), Flunarizine combined with large dosage Wendantang were respectively apply through intragastric administration in group B, C, D, E. The velocity and viscosity of blood flow of the vertebral arteries, the apoptotic cell and apoptotic protein in the brain were detected before and after the treatment.

RESULTSSatisfactory animal model were obtained in group A, B, C, D, E. The rabbits of group E had the most improvement of the velocity and viscosity of blood flow of the vertebral arteries while at meantime, which had the lowest apoptotic index and apoptotic related protein expression in the brain.

CONCLUSIONThe routine treatment for the cervical spondylopathy of the vertebral artery combined with eliminat dampness resolv phlegm method could improve velocity and viscosity of blood flow of the vertebral arteries, which maybe relate with reduction of apoptosis in the brain.

Animals ; Blood Flow Velocity ; drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Male ; Rabbits ; Random Allocation ; Spondylosis ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Vertebral Artery ; drug effects ; physiopathology

The distribution information of Cistanche deserticola was collected by interview investigation and field survey, and 55 related environmental factors were collected, the habitat suitability study was conducted based on geographic information system (GIS) and Maximum entropy model. The AUCs of ROC curve were both above 0.9, indicating that the predictive results with the maxent model were highly precise. The results showed that 14 major environmental factors have obvious influence on ecology suitability distributions of C. deserticola, including vegetation type et al, the suitable distribution areas are mainly concentrated in the central of Alxa Youqi, the north of Alxa Zouqi and the south-east of Ejin Banner, including Tamusu towns, Alateng towns et al, The zoning results basically coincide with the genuine producing areas, and further afford new suitable distribution areas, which can provide reference for the siting of introduction and cultivation of C. deserticola.
China ; Cistanche ; growth & development ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Geographic Information Systems ; Rain ; Soil ; chemistry ; Temperature

Objective To observe whether Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise ( Mini-CEX ) is effective and feasible for improving the clinical competency of residents receiving standardized training. Methods 40 residents receiving standardized training in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Amy Medical university were randomly divided into control group and experimental group, with 20 trainees in each group. From October 2015 to April 2018, the experimental group was trained by the traditional teaching methods combined with Mini-CEX, and the other was trained by traditional teaching method. At least 2 Mini-CEX were conducted for each trainee of the experimental group in each department. The Mini-CEX, defense of case report and OSCE evaluation were carried out to assess the clinical competence of residents after the standardized training. Satisfaction surveys were conducted for teachers and students who had used Mini-CEX . SPSS 18 . 0 was used to analyze the data . Independent samples t test was used for inter-group comparison and paired sample t test was used for intra-group comparison. P<0.05 was statistically significant. Results Mini-CEX showed that the scores of the two groups in the clinical competence assessment were improved; the scores of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group , and the improvement in scores of experimental group was higher than that of the control group (the differences were statistically significant, P<0.05). The average score of defense of case report of the experimental group was (81.16 ±3.75),while that of the control group was (70.13 ±3.88) (t=-9.140, P=0.000). The average total score of OSCE evaluation of the experimental group was (96.300±4.681), while that of the control group was (91.775 ±3.227) (t=-3.559, P=0.001). Satisfaction rate of teachers and students were 95.0％ and 92.5％respectively. Conlusion Mini-CEX can improve the clinical competence of residents receiving standardized training.

The aim of the present study is to explore the mechanism of estrogen on regulating cardiac function disorder by adjusting the stimulating adenylate cyclase G α protein (Gαs)-cycle adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signal pathway. Adult female rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham group, ovariectomized group (OVX), OVX and 17β-estradiol given group (OVX+E₂), OVX and isoprenaline injected group (OVX+ISO), OVX and 17β-estradiol, isoprenaline injected group (OVX+E₂+ISO). Rats were ovariectomized, and two weeks later, OVX+E₂group was injected with E₂, OVX+ISO group was injected with ISO, OVX+E₂+ISO group was injected with E₂and ISO. Another four weeks later, the hemodynamic parameters were monitored by carotid artery intubation: left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), maximal differentials of left ventricular developed pressure (+dp/dt(max)), and minimal differentials of left ventricular developed pressure (-dp/dt(max)). Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and cAMP concentration in plasma were determined; Gα(s) protein expression in myocardium was determined. The results showed that the hemodynamic parameters, the concentration of BNP and cAMP in plasma had no significant changes after ovariectomy compared with sham group. But after isoprenaline injection in ovariectomized rats, LVSP and +dp/dt(max) declined (P < 0.01), LVEDP and -dp/dt(max) elevated (P < 0.01); plasma BNP concentration increased (P < 0.01); plasma cAMP concentration decreased (P < 0.01), compared with OVX group. Further estrogen supplements improved the heart function treated by isoprenaline: LVSP and +dp/dt(max) elevated (P < 0.01), LVEDP and -dp/dtmax declined (P < 0.05, P < 0.01); the plasma BNP concentration decreased (P < 0.01); the plasma cAMP concentration increased (P < 0.01). Estrogen had no significant influence on Gαs protein expression. The results suggest that estrogen can alleviate myocardial injury and regulate cardiac function disorder by increasing cAMP level, finally improved the excessive suppression of myocardium.
Animals ; Cyclic AMP ; blood ; Estradiol ; pharmacology ; Estrogens ; pharmacology ; Female ; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs ; metabolism ; Hemodynamics ; Isoproterenol ; adverse effects ; Myocardium ; pathology ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain ; blood ; Ovariectomy ; Rats ; Signal Transduction