The medicinal plant resource reserve refers to the natural resources of medicinal plants in a certain time and a certain region within the scope of the volume. In recent years, with the demand of medicinal plant resources surging and the change of the environment and human intervention factors, the medicinal plant resources reserve had accelerated pace of change. It is the prerequisite and basis for the development and utilization of medical plants that how to quickly and accurately attain reserve of some medicinal plants resources, the selection of suitable and accurate estimating method is reliable basis and can guarantee medicinal plant reserve survey, and also is one of the key reserve investigation of success. This paper systematically summarized the estimation method of medicinal plants in recent 30 years, and discussed the basic principle, the estimation model of development and evolution, advantages and disadvantages and applicability, and it aimed to improve the accuracy about reserves survey of medicinal plant resources, and provide scientific and reliable support data to medicinal plants resources for sustainable development and utilization of resources.
China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Models, Statistical ; Plants, Medicinal ; growth & development

Human xanthine oxidase is considered to be a target for therapy of hyperuricemia. Cichorium intybus is a Chinese plant medicine which widely used in Xinjiang against various diseases. In order to screen the inhibitors of xanthine oxidase from C. intybus and to explore main pharmacological actions of cichory a compound collection of C. intybus was built via consulting related references about chemical research on cichory. The three-dimensional crystal structure of xanthine oxidase (PDB code: 1N5X) from Protein Data Bank was downloaded.. Autodock 4.2 was employed to screen the inhibitors of xanthine oxidase from cichory 70 compounds were found to possess quite low binding free energy comparing with TEI (febuxostat). C. intybus contains constituents possessing potential inhibitive activity against xanthine oxidase. It can explain the main pharmacological actions of cichory which can significantly lower the level of serum uric acid.
Chicory ; chemistry ; Databases, Protein ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; chemistry ; Humans ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Molecular Structure ; Xanthine Oxidase ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism

Objective Previous studies indicated that activation of Toll-like receptor4 (TLR4) was involved in the progression and instability of atherosclerotic plaque.Anti-inflammatory effects were shown in statins. However,the mechanisms underlying these effects have not been well explored.We test the hypothesis that a por- tion of these anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by regulation of TLR4 expression.Methods One hundred twenty-one subjects (22 normal persons,17 patients with stable angina and 82 patients with ACS) were recruited. 41 patients with ACS were randomized to atorvastatin 10 mg/d or atorvastatin 40 mg/d on top of routine anti-anginal treatment.Serum level of hsCRP,blood lipids,TLR4 expression on CD_(14)~+ monocytes were measuered before and after one month treatment.TLR4 expression on CD_(14)~+ monocytes were quantified via flow-cytometry.Results hsCRP and TLR4 expression on CD_(14)~+ monocytes in patients with ACS were higher than patients with stable angina and normal persons(hsCRP,ACS:11.1?14.3 vs stable angina:2.5?2.7 mg/L vs normal:2.3?4.2 mg/L,P

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Vasa vasorum (VV) have been believed to be rare or non-existent in small-caliber intracranial arteries. In a series of human cerebral artery specimens, we identified and examined the distribution of VV in association with co-existing intracranial atherosclerosis. METHODS: We obtained cerebral artery specimens from 32 consecutive autopsies of subjects aged 45 years or above. We scrutinized middle cerebral artery (MCA), vertebral artery (VA), and basilar artery (BA) for the presence of adventitial VV. We described the distribution of VV, and the characteristics of co-existing atherosclerotic lesions. RESULTS: Among 157 intracranial arteries, adventitial VV were present in 74 of the 157 specimens (47%), involving MCA (n=13, 18%), BA (n=14, 19%), and VA (n=47, 64%). Although qualitatively these 74 adventitial VV distributed similarly in arteries with or without atherosclerotic lesions (disease-free arteries n=4/8; arteries of pre-atherosclerosis n=17/42; and arteries of progressive atherosclerosis n=53/107), the presence of adventitial VV in intracranial VA was associated with a heavier plaque load (1.72±1.66 mm2 vs. 0.40±0.32 mm2, P < 0.001), severer luminal stenosis (25%±21% vs. 12%±9%, P=0.002), higher rate of concentric lesions (79% vs. 36%, P=0.002), and denser intraplaque calcification (44% vs. 0%, P=0.003). Histologically, intracranial VA with VV had a larger diameter (3.40±0.79 mm vs. 2.34±0.58 mm, P < 0.001), thicker arterial wall (0.31±0.13 mm vs. 0.23±0.06 mm, P=0.002), and a larger intima-media (0.19±0.09 mm vs. 0.13± 0.04 mm, P=0.003) than VA without VV. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated the distribution of adventitial VV within brain vasculature and association between vertebral VV and progressive atherosclerotic lesions with a heavier plaque load and denser intraplaque calcification.
Arteries ; Atherosclerosis ; Autopsy ; Basilar Artery ; Brain ; Cerebral Arteries ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Humans ; Intracranial Arteriosclerosis* ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Phenobarbital ; Vasa Vasorum* ; Vertebral Artery

Objective To investigate and analyze the situation of urban and rural neglected children aged 3-6,in China,so as to provide basis for the analysis and comparison on relevant risk factors.Methods 1163 urban children aged 3-6 (with 49.6％ males and 4.5％ with minority ethnicity) were investigated from 25 cities of 14 provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities in the whole country.Multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used.Again,using the same sampling method,4096 rural children (of whom 50.6％ were males with 6.2％ as minorities) were chosen from 26 cities of 10 provinces or municipalities.Identification of children being neglected was based on “Child Neglect Evaluation Norms of Children Aged 3-6 Years in Urban/Rural China”.SPSS-Windows 13.0 was employed for data analysis.Scores,frequency/degrees,age,sex and types (physical,emotional,educational,safety,medical and social) of children under negligence on every group of the regions,were calculated.x2 test (Chi-Square) and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were processed to determine the significance of their differences.Results The overall frequencies of negligence were 28.0％ and 53.7％ respectively among the urban and rural children aged 3-6,while the total degrees of negligence were 42.2 and 44.4 respectively.Significant difference was found between children from the urban and the rural areas (P＜0.05).Significant difference was also found between urban and rural children on every age group (P＜0.05).The frequencies of negligence among males were 32.6％ and 55.9％ respectively in urban and rural areas while among females,the figures appeared to be 23.7％ and 51.6％ respectively.The degrees of negligence were 42.7 and 44.6 among male while 41.8 and 44.3 among female children,in the urban or rural areas.Significant differences were found on male or female between urban and rural groups (P＜0.05).Frequencies of negligence in urban children aged 3-6 for the six types were from 5.1％ to 12.9％,with the frequency in rural areas as 13.1％-26.6％.Significant difference was found between urban and rural group for any other type (P＜0.05),in addition to the safety type.The degrees of negligence in urban children aged 3-6 for the different type were between 39.4 and 43.4,while in the rural areas as from 36.5 to 48.2,with significant difference for every type (P＜0.05).The degrees of negligence related to education,emotion,or physical strength were more serious on children from the urban than from the rural areas.The highest frequency of child negligence was seen in the single-parent families on both urban and rural groups (42.9％ and 60.0％ respectively),with no significant difference found (P＞0.05).The urban and rural children aged 3-6 were mainly involved in single item of negligence,with incidence rates as 16.5％ and 22.7％ and proportions as 58.9％ and 45.1％ respectively,despite the factors as age or sex.Conclusion There were large differences on the situation of negligence between the urban and rural children aged 3-6.The frequencies and degrees of negligence in every age group and different sex for children living in the rural areas were higher than those urban children.The frequency of negligence among boys was higher than girls for both urban and rural areas.The rural children had suffered more serious negligence than the urban children at any other type,in addition to the ‘ safety'.Both urban and rural children had the highest frequency of negligence in single-parent family,and were mainly suffered from single item of negligence.

OBJECTIVETo fabricate polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds owning the similar physiological structure of ECM, and to observe its biodegradation behavior in vivo and in vitro.

METHODS(1) The PVA nanofibrous scaffold and PVA/chitosan hybrid nanofibrous scaffold were fabricated by electrospinning technique, and then they were crosslinked by glutaraldehyde vapor method. The morphology of both scaffolds was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). (2) Biodegradation experiment in vitro: the samples of two scaffolds with size of 2 cm x 2 cm were placed into phosphate-buffer saline (PBS) fluid under 37.0 degrees C water for incubation, and then they were dried to observe morphologic changes under SEM on post incubation day (PID) 3, 7, and 14. (3) Biodegradation experiment in vivo: 48 Wistar rats were divided into PVA group and PVA/chitosan group according to the random number table, with 24 rats in each group. PVA or PVA/chitosan nanofibrous scaffold was implanted into subcutaneous tissue on both sides of back in rats of both groups, with 4 scaffolds in each rat. The scaffold samples were harvested to observe morphologic changes with HE staining on post operation day (POD) 3, 7, 14, and 28.

RESULTS(1) After crosslinking, the surface of fibers in PVA and PVA/chitosan hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds were smooth, and the diameters of fibers were similar, ranging from 200 to 300 nm, with high porosity. (2) Biodegradation experiment in vitro showed that the morphologic changes in fiber was respectively swelling, dissolution, fusion in PVA nanofibrous scaffold on PID 3, 7, 14, and that in PVA/chitosan hybrid nanofibrous scaffold was respectively swelling, dissolution and fragmentation, and disappearance. (3) Biodegradation experiment in vivo showed that the morphologic changes in scaffold structure was respectively loosening, fuzziness of edges, degradation, and disappearance in PVA group and PVA/chitosan group on POD 3, 7, 14, 28.

CONCLUSIONSPVA/chitosan hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds can be prepared with electrospinning technique, and it has an appropriate biodegradation rate compatible with tissue reconstruction after crosslinking.

Animals ; Biocompatible Materials ; Cells, Cultured ; Chitosan ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Materials Testing ; Polyvinyl Alcohol ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Tissue Engineering ; methods ; Tissue Scaffolds

This study was purposed to investigate the infection incidence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and curative efficacy of glucocorticoids combined with anti-helicobacter. 100 ITP patients with positive HP were divided randomly into 3 groups: glucocorticoid group (treatment with glucocorticoids, n = 35), anti-HP treatment group (HP eradication, n = 30) and combined treatment group (glucocorticoid combined with HP eradication, n = 35). 100 healthy individuals were selected as control. The results showed that HP infection rate in ITP group was 70%, while HP infection rate in control group (persons received physical examination) was 56%, there was significant difference between two groups (p < 0.05). The HP of 31 cases in combined treatment group was eradicated that the platelet count in 23 out of 31 cases recovered to normal, and in 8 cases was higher than that before treatment, which mean count was (165 +/- 225) x 10(9)/L, this value had statistical significance as compared with that before treatment (p < 0.01). Total efficiency in this group reached to 89%, and relapse rate within 1 year was 8%. The HP infection of 2 cases in glucocorticoid group had been turned to negative naturally, and platelet count recovered to normal, while HP infection in remained 33 cases was still positive. The platelet count in 23 out of 33 cases of that group was not back to normal, but back to normal in 10 cases. The platelet mean count in that group was (78 +/- 26) x 10(9)/L with total efficiency rate of 68% and relapse rate within 1 year was 37%. In the anti-HP treatment group, HP infection in 25 cases was eradicated and platelet count in 9 out of 25 cases recovered to normal, that platelet count in 9 cases was higher than that before treatment, platelet mean count was (135 +/- 174) x 10(9)/L), there was significant difference (p < 0.01), as compared with value before treatment. Total efficiency rate in this group reached to 60%, and relapse rate within 1 year was 33%. It is concluded that the patients with ITP have higher HP infection incidence, and the eradication of HP is effective therapy for the ITP patients with HP infection, which can be used as initial treatment.
Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Case-Control Studies ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Glucocorticoids ; therapeutic use ; Helicobacter Infections ; complications ; drug therapy ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Male ; Platelet Count ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic ; complications ; drug therapy ; microbiology

OBJECTIVETo study the clinical features of non-epileptic seizures associated with cerebral palsy (CP) in children.

METHODSA total of 1 198 children with CP (age: 9 months to 6 years) were enrolled. The children with paroxysmal events were monitored by 24 hrs video-EEG (VEEG) to make sure the seizures were epileptic or non-epileptic. The symptoms, age, CP types and EEG features were observed in children with non-epileptic CP.

RESULTSFive hundred and seventy-eight children (48.24%) presented paroxysmal events. The seizures were epileptic in 231 children (19.28%) and non-epileptic in 322 cases (26.88%). In the 322 cases of non-epileptic CP, the paroxysmal events were of various kinds, including non-epileptic seizure tonic, seizure shake head, shrug shoulder or head hypsokinesis, cry or scream, panic attacks, sleep myoclonic and stereotyped movement. One hundred and fifty-eight (49.1%) out of the 322 children demonstrated nonspecific EEG abnormalities. One hundred and eleven children (34.5%) were misdiagnosed as epilepsy in primary hospitals. The CP children less than one year old showed higher frequency of non-epileptic seizures than the age groups over 1 year and 3 to 6 years. The frequency of non-epileptic seizures was the highest in children with spastic CP (168 cases, 52.2%), followed by dyskinetic CP (69 cases, 21.4%) and mixed type CP (65 cases, 20.2%).

CONCLUSIONSThe paroxysmal events in children with CP partially are non-epileptic seizures and it is important to differentiate non-epileptic from epileptic seizures. The frequencies of non-epileptic seizures may be associated with a child's age and CP type.

Cerebral Palsy ; Diagnostic Errors ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Seizures ; diagnosis

OBJECTIVETo search for a simple and non-invasive method to assist the treatment of the complications of breast augmentation with polyacrylamide hydrogel injection.

METHODSHigh-frequency ultrasound was used to examine the breast and observe the distributions of the injected polyacrylamide hydrogel. The operation procedure was predetermined according to the ultrasound information. The ultrasound results were compared with what was seen during the operation.

RESULTS40 patients (80 breasts) were examined. The ultrasound results were coincident with the outcomes of surgery. The results of postoperative follow-up were coincident with the predicted.

CONCLUSIONUltrasound is an accurate method for examining the augmented breast with polyacrylamide hydrogel injection. It is helpful in predetermining the operation procedure, predicting postoperative results.

Acrylic Resins ; adverse effects ; Adult ; Breast ; pathology ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Injections ; Surgery, Plastic ; adverse effects ; Treatment Outcome ; Ultrasonography, Mammary

OBJECTIVETo determine the levels of carnitine in plasma and daily excretion of carnitine in urine of healthy adults so as to provide the reference standard for studying the changes of carnitine in patients.

METHODSCarnitine in plasma and urine was assayed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The levels of total carnitine (TC), free carnitine (FC) and acetyl-carnitine (AC) in fasting plasma and the daily excretion of TC, FC and AC in urine were assayed in 40 healthy adults (20 men and 20 women) with standard diet.

RESULTSGood linearity (r 2 > or = 0.999) was observed in assaying TC, FC and AC. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was lower than 9.1% and bias lower than 5.6%. It was showed that the plasmatic levels of TC, FC and AC in healthy men [(53.1 +/- 8.5), (41.2 +/- 6.1), (6.2 +/- 0.6) mumol/L] were significantly higher than those in healthy women [(45.4 +/- 5.6), (35.2 +/- 4.9), (5.7 +/- 0.7) mumol/L] (P = 0.002, 0.002, 0.035). The daily urinary excretion of TC, FC and AC in healthy men [(386.1 +/- 22.9), (180.5 +/- 31.8), (33.8 +/- 3.3) mumol] were also significantly higher than those in healthy women [(240.1 +/- 35.6), (112.7 +/- 22.6), (29.3 +/- 4.3) mumol] (P < 0.0005, < 0.0005, < 0.0005) when the adults were given standard diet. Both the plasmatic levels and the daily urinary excretion of TC, FC and AC were of significantly positive correlation with lean body mass (LBM) (r = 0.501-0.856). The (TC-FC)/FC ratios in plasma were 0.29 +/- 0.05 for male and 0.29 +/- 0.04 for female.

CONCLUSIONGood precision and accuracy were observed in assaying carnitine with HPLC. After standard diet, both the level of carnitine in fasting plasma and the daily urinary carnitine excretion of healthy adults were positively correlated with LBM.

Acetylcarnitine ; blood ; urine ; Adult ; Carnitine ; blood ; urine ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Reference Values ; Sex Factors