Several epidemic influenza viruses leading to worldwide periodical pandemics all result from the genetic reassortment of different influenza viruses. The novel 2009 A/H1N1 virus is a reassortment virus evolved from swine influenza virus A/H1N1, avian influenza virus H5N1, and human influenza virus A/H1N1. The 8 fragmente genes of the novel A/H1N1 virus had their own evolutionary characteristics. All the pandemic viruses in humans originate from avian influenza viruses and are transferred into humans after reassortment processes in pigs. Pigs as middle host and a mixing vessel of influenza A virus play an important role in the evolution of the 2009 novel A/H1N1 virus. More attention should be paid on the role of swine in the prevention and control of novel H1N1 virus epidemics in future.

Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia ; pathology ; Forehead ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Parotid Gland ; pathology

Objective To explore the therapeutic effects of canal wall-down tympanoplasty(CWdT)on chronic otitis media and evaluate the effects of simultaneous auditory rehabilitation.Methods 13 cases on chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma and/or granulation tissue were treated by CWdT,the effects were contrast with radi- cal mastoidectomy.Results After 6 months to 6 years of follow-up,all the cases by CWdT had dry ear without re- currence.The rate of hearing restoration and improvement was 84.6% from the cases.In same times,the rate of re- currence,hearing restoration and improvement was 52.6%,31.0% from the mastoidectomies.Conclusion The CWdT has advantage in indication,removal of lesions and the operation could be adjusted appropriately for simulta- neously auditory rehabilitation.

Type 2 diabetes can be treated by gastrointestinal surgery, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. This review summarizes the possible mechanisms which include weight loss, gastrointestinal hormones, foregut hypothesis, hindgut hypothesis, adipocytokines, and inflammatory factors.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Digestive System Surgical Procedures ; Gastric Bypass ; Gastrointestinal Hormones ; metabolism ; Humans ; Weight Loss

Intersectin is an evolutionarily conserved multifunctional adaptor protein with multifunctional domains. These domains interact with components of the endocytic and exocytic pathways, such as the clathrin mediating synaptic vesicle recycling, the protein related to endocytosis via caveolae, the with-no-lysine kinases related to the regulation of renal outer medullar potassium, and the Cdc42 mediating exocytic pathway. Recently, the understanding of intersectin function in the pathogenesis of endocrine tumor and many neurodegenerative diseases such as Down syndrome, Alzheimer disease has been deepened. This article reviewed the structure and roles in endocytosis/exocytosis and diseases of intersectin.
Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport ; physiology ; Endocytosis ; Exocytosis ; Humans ; Synaptic Vesicles ; physiology

Objective To investigate the mRNA and protein expression levels of interferon(IFN)-?in the peripheral blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE),to analyze the relationship between IFN-?and disease activity,and to evaluate the role of IFN-?in the pathogenesis of lupus.Methods SYBR green dyeⅠbased real-time quantatives PCR method was used to compare the mRNA expression levels of IFN-?in the peripheral blood leucocyte of SLE patients and healthy controls.Surum levels of IFN-?were measured with ELISA method.Results IFNA1 mRNA expression level in SLE patients(2.8?3.5)was signifi- cantly lower than that of normal controls(12.7?10.7,P=0.000).There was no significant difference between patients treated with glucocorticoid and those without in the expression level of IFNA1(P=0.549).Serum levels of IFN-?in SLE patients was significantly higher than that of normal controls(P=0.003).The SLEDAI score and anti-dsDNA antibody correlated positively,and complement components C3,C4 and leukocytes correlated negatively with serum concentration of IFN-?.IFN-?level correlated with the presence of fever and rash. Conclusion The close relationship between IFN-?serum level and disease activity in SLE patients suggests that IFN-?might be of importance in the disease process.

OBJECTIVETo study the protective effect of lidocaine against lung injury after hemorrhagic shock in rabbits.

METHODSEighteen healthy rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6), namely lidocaine group (group L), hemorrhagic shock group (group H) and control group (group C). Hemorrhagic shock model was established in rabbits in groups L and H, and the venous blood samples were collected for measurement of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxidedismutase (SOD) before phlebotomy (T0), 2 h after hemorrhagic shock (T1) and 2 h after resuscitation (T2). Blood samples were also taken for measurement of MDA and SOD at the same time points in group C. The wet to dry weight ratio of the lung (W/D) was measured at T2.

RESULTSMDA level was significantly lower while SOD level significantly higher in group L than in group H (P<0.05). The W/D ratio in group L was reduced significantly as compared with that in group H (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONLidocaine can remarkably alleviate lung injury after hemorrhagic shock by inhibiting MDA production and increasing SOD content.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Lidocaine ; pharmacology ; Lung ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Lung Injury ; prevention & control ; Malondialdehyde ; blood ; Rabbits ; Shock, Hemorrhagic ; drug therapy ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of propofol at doses for different anesthesia depths on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in different cerebral regions at propofol uptake equilibrium in dogs.

METHODSTwelve 12-18-month-old healthy hybrid dogs weighing 10-12 kg were randomly divided into light anesthesia group (n=6) and deep anesthesia group (n=6) with a single bolus dose of propofol (5.5 and 7.0 mg/kg, respectively) completed in 15 s followed by intravenous propofol infusion at a constant rate (55 and 70 mg·kg(-1)·h(-1), respectively). Blood samples (2 ml) were taken from the internal carotid artery and jugular vein to measure plasma propofol concentrations 50 min after the start of the infusion. The dogs were then sacrificed and tissues were taken from different brain regions and the cervical cord to measure GABA concentrations using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).

RESULTSThe plasma propofol concentrations in internal carotid artery and jugular vein were similar in both light anesthesia group (3.00 ± 0.31 and 3.10 ± 0.51 µg/ml, respectively, P>0.05) and deep anesthesia group (6.41 ± 0.05 and 6.40 ± 0.11 µg/ml, respectively, P>0.05). GABA concentrations in the brain regions were significantly higher in deep anesthesia group than in light anesthesia group (P<0.05). The dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus showed greater GABA variations [(83.83 ± 2.230%) and (85.83 ± 1.72)%] compared to other brain regions at different anesthesia depths (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSIn both groups, plasma propofol concentrations in the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein reach equilibrium at 50 min of propofol infusion. The variation of GABA is associated with the anesthesia depth of propofol, and GABA variation in the dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus plays an important role in propofol anesthesia.

Anesthetics, Intravenous ; pharmacokinetics ; Animals ; Brain ; metabolism ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Propofol ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo observe the regional distribution of propofol in canine spinal cord under noxious stimulation.

METHODSTwelve healthy hybrid dogs (12-18 months old, weighing 10-12 kg) were randomly divided into control group (n=6) and stimulation group (n=6). All the dogs were anesthetized with a single bolus dose of propofol (7 mg/kg) in 15 seconds followed by propofol infusion at a constant rate of 70 mg/kg/h via the great saphenous vein of the right posterior limb. In the stimulation group, the tails of the dogs were clamped for 5 min after 45 min of propofol infusion. Blood samples were taken from the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein at 50 min after propofol infusion to detect plasma propofol concentrations by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The dogs were then immediately sacrificed by decapitation and the frontal horn, posterior horn, intermediate zone, frontal funiculus, posterior funiculus and lateral funiculus of the spinal cord were dissected for determination of propol content by HPLC.

RESULTSThe plasma concentrations of propofol in the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein were 5.07-/+0.23 and 5.03-/+0.10 microg/ml in the stimulation group, respectively showing no significant differences from those in the control group (5.09-/+0.03 and 5.08-/+0.03 microg/ml, P>0.05). In the control group, the propofol concentration was 5.09-/+0.08 microg/g in the frontal horm, 5.10-/+0.08 microg/g in the posterior horn, 5.05-/+0.19 microg/g in the intermediate zone, 5.06-/+0.14 microg/g in the frontal funiculus, 5.06-/+0.15 microg/g in the posterior funiculus and 5.06-/+0.41 microg/g in the lateral funiculus, showing no significant differences (P>0.05). The propofol concentrations in the frontal horn (7.65-/+0.47 microg/g) and posterior funiculus (7.06-/+0.82 microg/g) in the stimulation group were significantly higher than those in the other spinal cord tissues (P<0.05) and those in the control group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONAt 50 min after intravenous injection of propofol at a constant rate of 70 mg/kg/h, plasma propofol concentrations in the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein reaches equilibrium with a balanced distribution in all the spinal cord regions. Propofol concentration can be higher in the frontal horn and posterior funiculus under noxious stimulation.

Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Nociceptors ; drug effects ; physiology ; Pain ; physiopathology ; Physical Stimulation ; Propofol ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Random Allocation ; Spinal Cord ; metabolism

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of detachable balloons,detachable coils and intracranial covered stents in management of intracranial giant aneurysms.Methods From April 1998 to March 2006,20 patients with a giant or very large aneurysm were treated by parent artery occlusion(PAO), coils embolization and covered stent,in which 9 aneurysms were treated by PAO,8 by coils embolization and 3 by covered stent at initial management.Two recurrent aneurysms treated by coils embolization were performed by covered stent.Follow-up 9-83 months,mean 41.1?25.3 months.Immediate postprocedural angiographic outcomes were categorized as complete occlusion(100%),subtotal occlusion(95%-99%),and incomplete occlusion(＜95%)of the aneurysms;and follow-up angiographic outcomes were categorized as stable, thrombosis,and recanalization.Clinical outcomes were graded according to a modified Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS).Results Endovascular treatment was technically feasible in all aneurysms without procedural-related complications.Immediate postprocedural angiograms showed complete occlusion was achieved in 11 aneurysms, subtotal occlusion in 7 and incomplete occlusion in 2.One patient with incomplete occlusion died on the seventh day with a rebleeding.The final angiographic findings in nineteen survival patients confirmed a complete occlusion in 15 aneurysms,subtotal occlusion in 3 and incomplete occlusion in 1,in which 10 parent arteries were successfully preserved.No rebleeding occurred during the follow-up period.The clinical evaluation performed at final follow-up in 19 patients revealed that the symptoms disappeared in 11 patients and improved in 8 in the modified GOS.Conclusions Treatment of giant intracranial aneurysms with coiling was associated with a low complete occlusion rate and a high recanalization rate.Treatment with endovascular parent artery occlusion remains practical,but this technique may result in damage to the parent artery and cause cerebral ischemic events.The use of an intracranial covered stent proved to be a relatively simple and safe procedure and maintained the pateney of the parent artery.