Objective To investigate the cytokine spectrum of cultured human amniotic-derived mesenchymal stem cells (A-MSC) for understanding its basis of molecular biology in hematopoietic in vitro.Methods Their hematopoietic cytokines expression was analyzed using RT-PCR in the mRNA level. Results It showed that in vitro subcultured human amniotic-derived mesenchymal stem cells were capable to express many important hematopoietic cytokines such as LIF, SCF, M-CSF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-6, IL-11 and so on. Conclusion Production of abundant of hematopoietic cytokines by human amniotic-derived mesenchymal stem cells may be effective for hematopoietic support and HSC transplantation.

Objective To evaluate the role of hippocampal AMPA receptors in the antidepressant effect of ketamine in rats.Methods Thirty male Wistar rats aged 2 months weighing 180-220 g were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =10 each):control group (group C); ketamine group (group K) and AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX group (group N).The animals were forced to swim for 15 min on the 1st day.On the 2nd day,NBQX 10 mg/kg was injected intrapefitoneally in group N; 30 min later,normal saline was injected intraperitoneally in group C,while ketamine 10 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally in groups K and N.The forced swimming test was performed again for 5 min at 30 min after administration and the immobility time of the rats was recorded.Then the animals were sacrificed and the hippocampus was removed for determination of the expression of phosphorylated rapamycin (p-mTOR) and phosphorylated glutamate receptor 1 (p-GluR1).Results Compared with group C,the immobility time was significantly shortened and the expression of p-mTOR and p-GluR1 up-regulated in group K,and the immobility time was significantly shortened,the expression of p-mTOR up-regulated and the expression of p-GluR1 down-regulated in group N (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group K,the immobility time was significantly prolonged and the expression of p-mTOR and p-GluR1 down-regulated in group N (P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion AMPA receptors in hippocampus are involved in the antidepressant effect of ketamine in rats and the inhibition of mTOR and GluR1 activities may be involved in the mechanism.

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have demonstrated that transplanted neural stem cells can survive and proliferate in the brain of Alzheimer disease(AD)rats,however,it is poorly understood whether it can rebuild the nerve tracts by substituting the injured or dead neurons and improve learning and memory abilities.Synaptophysin is one of the important markers of synaptic rebuilding.OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of neural stem cell transplantation on synaptophysin expression in hippocampus and learning and memory abilities of AD rats.METHODS:Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into the normal control,AD model,2-week-transplantation and 4-week-transplantation groups.All rats were established AD models except that in the normal control group.Neural stem cells were isolated from the dentate gyrus of hippocampus of newborn rats,labeled with Hoechst33258,and then transplanted into CA1 region of hippocampus of rats in the 2-week-transplantation and 4-week-transplantation groups.The behavioral testing in the rats was performed using Y-maze trial.Nissl staining and synaptophysin immunohistochemistry were detected after the rats were sacrificed.The same volume of stroke-physiological saline solution was injected into rats in the AD models group using the identical methods.There was no treatment in the normal control group.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:①The cells number in the hippocampal CA1 region of the 2-week-transplantation and 4-week-transplantation groups were increased than that of AD model group,but were still less than that of the normal control group(P ＜ 0.05).There was no significantly difference between the absorbance values of 2-or 4-week-transplantation group and control group(P ＞ 0.05).②The absorbance values of the 2-week-transplantation and 4-week-transplantation were significantly greater than that of the control and AD model groups(P ＜ 0.05).③The learning and memory abilities in 2-and 4-week-transplantation group enhanced obviously and their correct reaction rates improved evidently,which was found statistically significant difference from AD model group(P ＜ 0.05),while no statistically significant difference from control group(P ＞ 0.05).The transplanted neural stem cells may promote the synaptic rebuilding and improve learning and memory abilities in AD rats.

Aim Toinvestigatetheroleofbrain-de-rived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)-tyrosine receptor ki-nase B (trkB ) signaling pathway in the therapeutic effects of ketamine on diabetic neuropathic pain.Meth-ods Forty-eightWistarrats,aged3months,weighing 200~250 g,were equally randomized into 4 groups(n=12 ):control group (C group ), saline group (S group),ketamine group (K group)and ketamine +ANA-12 group (KA group ).Rats in S,K and KA groups were intraperitoneally injected with a single of streptozotocin(STZ)65 mg·kg-1 to construct diabetic neuropathic pain model.After twenty-eight days,rats in S,K and KA groups were intraperitoneally injected with saline, ketamine 10 mg·kg-1 and ketamine 10 mg·kg-1 +ANA-12 0. 5 mg·kg-1 for consecutive 7 days, respectively. On the 8th day, mechanical withdrawal threshold(MWT)of rats was measured.Af-ter that,the rats were immediately sacrificed,and dor-sal ganglion of lumbar spine and prefrontal cortex (PFC)were harvested for measuring BDNF,p-trkB/trkB,synaptophysin and spine density by Western blot andglogistaining.Results ComparedwithCgroup, rats in S group significantly decreased MWT,BDNF, p-trkB/trkB,synaptophysin and spine density in dorsal ganglion and PFC (P <0. 05 ).Compared with S group,rats in K group showed a significant increase of MWT,BDNF,p-trkB/trkB,synaptophysin and spine density in the all observed regions(P<0. 05 ).On the contrary,rats in KA group showed a significant de-crease of MWT and BDNF,p-trkB/trkB,synaptophys-in and spine density as compared with K group in all regions(P<0. 05 ).Furthermore,BDNF was positive-ly correlated with spine density in all regions (P <0.05).Conclusion BDNF-trkBsignalingpathway mediates ketamine-induced therapeutic effects in dia-betic neuropathic pain.

The plateau personal physiological parameters monitor can be applied to casualty rescue at peacetime and wartime and trainings of troops in the plateau. With the function of telemering, the monitor can give realtime data of O2Sat, pulse and temperature when the subject is in an environment such as the plateau or the one of high and cold.

In this study, 31 Notopterygium incisum populations were analyzed using ITS sequences to investigate the genetic structure. The results showed that: the ITS region ranged in size from 634 to 635 bp and base composition was with high G + C content of 57.8%. Thirty-one polymorphic sites were detected from 402 sequences of 31 populations of N. incisum, and the proportion of polymorphic sites was 4.88%, in which parsimony informative sites were up to 12. And 31 haplotypes were identified based on these polymorphic sites. Molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) indicated that high genetic differentiation (57%) existed among population, and gene flow was low (N(m) = 0.38) among populations. Phylogenetic relationships of 31 haplotypes were analyzed using NJ method with N. forbesiias an out-group. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 31 haplotypes from different populations mixed together and did not form distinct geographically separated clades.
Apiaceae ; classification ; genetics ; Base Sequence ; China ; DNA, Intergenic ; genetics ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny

Anesthetics, Intravenous ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Cerebral Cortex ; cytology ; metabolism ; Drug Synergism ; Female ; Fentanyl ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Male ; Midazolam ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Neurons ; metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Primary Cell Culture ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels ; drug effects

Objective To investigate the effects of different doses of ketamine on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine receptor Idnase B (TrkB) in the hippocampus in mentally depressed rats.Methods Fifty male Wistar rats weighing 180-220 g were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n = 10 each): group control (group C) and groups K1-4 ketamine 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg. On the 1st day the animals were forced to swim for 15 min. On the 2nd day ketamine 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg were given iniraperitoneally in groups K1-4 respectively at 30 min after administration. The immobility time of the rats during the forced swimming test was recorded. The animals were then decapitated. The hippocampus was harvested for determination of BDNF and TrkB levels. Results Ketamine significantly decreased the immobility time during forced swimming test in a dose-dependent manner. The BDNF and TrkB levels in the hippocampus were significantly increased in K, and K4 groups as compared with group C, and K1 and K2 groups. Conclusion The increased levels of BDNF and TrkB in the hippocampus are involved in the dose-dependent antidepressant effect of ketamine.

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of Bushen Tongdu Capsule (BTC) on RANK/RANKL/ OPG pathway of collagen induced arthritis (CIA) rats, thereby laying theoretic evidence for treating rheumatic arthritis (RA) by Chinese medicine.

METHODSRA model was induced by CIA. Totally 42 rats were randomly divided into six groups, i.e., the normal control group, the model group, the low dose BTC (BSL) group, the medium dose BTC (BSM) group, the high dose BTC (BSH) group, and the Tripterygium Glycosides (TG) group, 7 in each group. BTC at the daily dose of 120, 240, and 480 mg/kg was given by gastrogavage to rats in the BSL, BSM, and BSH group respectively from the 13th day of modeling. TG at the daily dose of 24 mg/kg was given by gastrogavage to rats in the TG group. All medication was given once daily, 2 mL each time. Two mL normal saline was administered to rats in the normal control group and the model group. All medication lasted for 18 days. Samples were taken at day 31. The TRAP section of the ankle joint was fixed in 10% formalin for TRAP stain. Serum levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) were detected using ELISA.

RESULTSCompared with the normal control group, positive reactions of pathological ankle joint section, inflammation, and osteoclasia degree were significantly improved in the model group, serum levels of RANKL and M-CSF were up-regulated, levels of OPG and OPG/RANKL were significantly lowered (all P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, positive reactions of pathological ankle joint section, inflammation, and osteoclasia degree also significantly decreased in the BSH group and the TG group (all P < 0.01). RANKL and M-CSF were significantly down-regulated in each medicated group, while levels of OPG and OPG/RANKL were significantly up-regulated (all P < 0.01). Compared with the TG group, M-CSF was lower, but levels of OPG and OPG/RANKL were significantly up-regulated in the normal control group (all P < 0.01). RANKL and M-CSF were significantly up-regulated, while levels of OPG and OPG/RANKL were significantly down-regulated in the model group and each BS group (all P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONBTC could relieve bone damage of CIA rats possibly through regulating and controlling osteoclasts.

Animals ; Arthritis, Experimental ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Inflammation ; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; metabolism ; Osteoclasts ; Osteoprotegerin ; metabolism ; RANK Ligand ; metabolism ; Rats ; Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ; metabolism ; Tripterygium

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of flexible ureterorenoscopy (F-URS) with holmium laser lithotripsy in managing symptomatic caliceal diverticular calculi. Methods The records of 23 patients by flexible ureterorenoscopy (F-URS) with holmium laser lithotripsy in managing symptomatic caliceal diverticular calculi from January 2008 to December 2010 were retrospectively reviewed.The 23 cases included 15 males and 8 females,aged from 23 to 68 years.All patients had unilateral calyceal diverticulum stone,with 11,9,and 3 cases had a caliceal diverticular stone in the upper pole,midkidney,and lower pole,respectively.Sand-like stones were observed in most caliceal diverticular.The diameter of the largest stone was 18.9 mm.The presenting symptoms were flank pain,recurrent urinary tract infections,and hematuria.One week before operations,all patients was placed Double-J stent and underwent intravenous urography and renal computed tomography (CT).The ureteral access sheath was placed firstly during operation,and then ureterorenoscope was inserted into the renal pelvis.The diverticular neck was incised with holmium laser if needed,and a 200um holmium laser fiber was used to crush diverticular stone. Results Flexible ureterorenoscopes were successfully placed in all patients.Postoperatively,15 (65.3％patients were rendered stone free (SF),5 patients had clinically insigni? cant residual fragmentsless than 4 mm )( CIRF),and a residual fragment (RF) was found in three patients.The success rate ( SF ± CIRF) was 87.0％.All patients were symptom free after operation.The average operative time and hospital stay were 60 minutes and 3.5 days,respectively.No severe complications occured.A follow-up of 6 -12 months showed no recurrence. Conclusions F-URS using a holmium laser lithotripsy is a safe and effective,and may be offered as a first line therapy for symptomatic caliceal diverticula calculi.