Solid state fermentation involves the growth of microorganisms on moist solid substrates in the absence of free flowing water. It has gained considerable attention of late years due to its several advantages over submerged fermentation. This paper mainly introduces the characteristics and mathematical models of solid state fermentation and summarizes the development situation of various bioreactors, the design standards and applications.

Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of two different protocols of ketogenic diet (KD)-eating on demand or eating at regular intervals for refractory epilepsy in children.Methods Sixty children with refractory epilepsy were randomly divided into eating on demand group (n =30) and eating at regular intervals group (n =30) by random number table method.After taking the whole amount of KD,the capillary blood ketone and glucose level and urine ketone were monitored every 6 hours in 72 continuous hours.Seizure frequency and onset time were recorded.Antiepileptic efficacy and diet tolerability of the two groups were evaluated on 4 weeks,12 weeks,24 weeks and 48 weeks after initiating the diet.Adverse effects were monitored.Results After treatment of 4 weeks,the complete seizure remission rates of eating on demand group and eating at regular intervals group were 33.3％ (10/30) and 30.0％ (9/30) respectively,which suggested a comparable efficacy for two groups (P ＞ 0.05).The day when KD started to work was averaged (6.18 ± 2.42) d and (8.63 ± 2.63) d respectively.The group of eating on demand showed a faster onset of action (P ＜0.05).After treatment of 12 weeks,24 weeks and 48 weeks,complete seizure remission rates of eating on demand group were 30.0％ (9/30),34.8％ (8/23) and 36.8％ (7/19) respectively;the eating at regular intervals group were 33.3％ (10/30),30.4％ (7/23) and 44.4％ (8/18) respectively.The two groups had no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).One year later,the treatment retention rates of the two groups were 63.3 ％ (19/30) and 60.0％ (18/30) respectively.There was no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).The adverse effects mainly including transient gastrointestinal symptoms and metabolic disturbances were mostly tolerable and curable.Conclusion The two different protocols of KD-eating on demand and eating at regular intervals are both effective and well-tolerated for refractory epilepsy in children.While protocol of eating on demand is more easier to achieve ketotic state and the effect is more quickly,so it can be more easily received by children.Therefore in clinical practice,we can choose flexible eating time according to children's eating habits,which can improve the therapeutic compliance.

To systematically review the incidence rate of adverse drug reaction/event by Qingkailing injection. Such databases as the PubMed, EMbase, the Cochrane library, CNKI, VIP WanFang data and CBM were searched by computer from foundation to July 30, 2015. Two reviewers independently screened literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted data and cross check data. Then, Meta-analysis was performed by using the R 3.2.0 software, subgroup sensitivity analysis was performed based on age, mode of medicine, observation time and research quality. Sixty-three studies involving 9,793 patients with Qingkailing injection were included, 367 cases of adverse reactions/events were reported in total. The incidence rate of adverse reaction in skin and mucosa group was 2% [95% CI (0.02; 0.03)]; the digestive system adverse reaction was 6% [95% CI(0.05; 0.07); the injection site adverse reaction was 4% [95% CI (0.02; 0.07)]. In the digestive system as the main types of adverse reactions/events, incidence of children and adults were 4.6% [0.021 1; 0.097 7] and 6.9% [0.053 5; 0.089 8], respectively. Adverse reactions to skin and mucous membrane damage as the main performance/event type, the observation time > 7 days and ≤ 7 days incidence of 3% [0.012 9; 0.068 3] and 1.9% [0.007 8; 0.046 1], respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that different types of adverse reactions, combination in the incidence of adverse reactions/events were higher than that of single drug, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). This study suggested the influence factors of adverse reactions occur, and clinical rational drug use, such as combination, age and other fators, and the influence factors vary in different populations. Therefore, clinical doctors for children and the elderly use special care was required for a clear and open spirit injection, the implementation of individualized medication.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Injections ; Male ; Middle Aged

BACKGROUND:Since cannulated screw has been applied to femoral neck fracture, it is not uncommon that the screw wear penetrates or refunds. What factors affect the stability of cannulated screw for treatment of femoral neck fractures in adults remains unclear. ＜br> OBJECTIVE:To explore factors related to internal fixation failure by cannulated screws in treatment of adult femoral neck fracture and improve the stability of the adult femoral neck fracture by cannulated screws. ＜br> METHODS:A total of 92 adult patients of femoral neck fracture were treated by cannulated screws in our department between June 2007 and June 2011. Their data were retrospectively analyzed. According to clinical information and fol ow-ups, we selected factors such as age, gender, Garden type of fracture, preoperative skeletal traction, timing of surgery, Garden index, standards of pedicle screws, pedicle screw shapes, partial weight bearing time and postoperative complications, which may affect the success rate of cannulated screws for ＜br> treating femoral neck fracture. The selected factors were then grouped and assigned, after unrelated factors were excluded by one-way χ2 analysis, multiariable Logistic regression analysis was performed. ＜br> RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The involved 92 patients were fol owed up for 18-72 months. According to Harris assessment criteria, hip function was excellent in 28 cases, good in 25 cases, fair in 17 cases, and poor in 22 cases at the final fol ow-up, the excellent and good rate was 58%. Radiographic results showed that, the patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of the displacement, GardenⅠ (n=22) and GardenⅡ (n=29) as a group, and Garden Ⅲ (n=25) and Garden Ⅳ (n=16) as the other group, the fixation failure rate was 12%and 39%, respectively. In normol and abnormal Garden Index groups, the fixation failure rate was 16%and 59%, respectively. In nail position standards and non-attainment standards groups, the fixation failure rate was 19%and 70%, respectively. In the complication and non-complication groups, the fixation failure rate was 14%and 55%, respectively. These factor groups showed significant differences (P＜0.05). Multiariable Logistic regression analysis showed that, Garden type of fracture, Garden index, standards of pedicle screws, and postoperative complications are the risk factors for internal fixation failure using cannulated screws in treatment of the adult femoral neck fracture.

Objective To determine the effect of photochemotherapy on the expression of gelatinases. Methods Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and gelatine zymography were employed to detect the effect of photochemotherapy on the expression and bioactivity of gelatinases at mRNA and protein levels respectively. Results Combination of ultraviolet A(UVA,0.8-2.0 J/cm2) and 8-methoxypsoralen(8-MOP,100 ng/mL) resulted in a decrease in the expression and bioactivity of gelatinases. Conclusion Photochemotherapy can inhibit the angiogenesis of endothelial cells through downregulating the expression and bioactivity of gelatinases.

Objective To investigate the left ventricular (LV) torsion parameters of type B WolffParkinson-White syndrome (B-WPW) and to explore alternation of the left ventricular motion pattern in patients with B-WPW.Methods Thirty-eight patients with B-WPW were studied.And 40 volunteers were selected as control.Two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (2D-STI) was used to acquire left ventricular torsion parameters,including peak value and time to peak value of LV twist,LV apex rotation,and LV base rotation.Apical-basal rotation delay (RDA-B) was calculated.Biplane Simpson method was used to measure LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV),end-systolic volume (LVESV) and ejection fraction (LVEF).All above parameters were measured in patients with B-WPW before (B-WPW-B group) and after (B-WPW-A group) radiofrequency catheter ablation and in control group.The QRS width of lead Ⅱ was recorded,and the relationships between all above parameters with the RDA-B or QRS width were analyzed.Results Compared with the contrd group,in patients with B-WPW,the peak value of LV apex rotation (RotA),LV base rotation (RotB) and LV twist (TwistLV) were lower(LV base was more obvious than LV apex)(P ＜0.05),the time to RotB (TTPB) was shorter (P =0.004),RDAB was longer(P =0.002),the left ventricular enlarged and the QRS prolonged (P =0.000).After radiofrequency catheter ablation,the left ventricular torsion parameters in patients with B-WPW recovered significantly(P ＜0.05),but still lower than those in the control group(P ＜0.05).Conclusions The left ventricular motion pattern of patients with B-WPW alters,including the changes of peak value and time to peak value in LV apex rotation,LV base rotation and LV twist,as well as LV myocardium dyssynchrony.The motion pattern of LV in patients with B-WPW is improved in acute stage after radiofrequency catheter ablation but not yet recover totally.

OBJECTIVETo supply basis for the establishment of quality standard of Cryptolepis buchanaii.

METHODCharacters of crude drugs, microscopic characteristic as well as UV spectrum of the herb were studied.

RESULTLaticifers were found in the cortex and pith of the stem; much papillary non-glandular hair was found covering the stomata in the sub-cuticle of the leaf.

CONCLUSIONThe results can be employed as the basis for identifying the herb.

Cryptolepis ; anatomy & histology ; cytology ; Drug Contamination ; Pharmacognosy ; Plant Leaves ; anatomy & histology ; cytology ; Plant Stems ; anatomy & histology ; cytology ; Plants, Medicinal ; anatomy & histology ; cytology ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet

OBJECTIVETo define the profile and risk factors of sexual attitude and behavior of rural women.

METHODSUsing stratified cluster sampling, tape-recorded interviews and face to face interviews were carried out among 606 rural women.

RESULTS24.6% of the women being studied accepted the idea of "premarital sexual intercourse" and thought "premarital sexual intercourse between a couple" acceptable accounted for 34.2%, 14.7% and 4% of the women reported having had premarital sexual intercourse and premarital induced abortion respectively. 5.0% of the women admitted having had sexual intercourse during menstruation. 4% and 3% of the women under study accepted "extramarital sexual intercourse" and "paid sexual intercourse" if they were in need of money. None of the women reported ever having had extramarital sex or paid sex. The results derived from two different methods did not differ significantly. Logistic rgression suggested that age, education and ethnicity were associated with attitude towards premarital sex, and age was associated with premarital sexual behavior.

CONCLUSIONSex education need to be promoted and targeted among rural population at early age. "Tape-recorded interview" method did not show a better validity in this study.

Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Contraception Behavior ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Middle Aged ; Risk-Taking ; Rural Population ; statistics & numerical data ; Sampling Studies ; Sex Education ; Sexual Behavior ; statistics & numerical data ; Sexual Partners ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; prevention & control ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUNDTuberous sclerosis (TS) is an autosomal dominant disorder with a significant range of clinical expressions. The involvement of vital organs, such as the brain, kidney, heart and lung is the main cause of death in patients with TS. The aim of this study is to summarize the characteristic cutaneous features and common extracutaneous involvement of TS, which are helpful to the early detection of visceral involvement.

METHODSThe analyzed clinical data from 78 patients with TS included those from detailed history, physical and dermatological examination, cranial computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), abdominal ultrasonography, chest roentgenography, hand and foot X-ray and ophthalmologic examination.

RESULTSThe skin, brain and kidney were involved frequently in TS patients. Hypomelanotic macules were the most common and earliest cutaneous lesions. Their number was more than 3 in 81.5% of the patients. They were followed by facial angiofibromas and Shangreen's patch in a decreasing frequency. Forehead plaque, facial angiofibromas and Shagreen's patch appeared in patients at mean age of 2.6, 6.0 and 8.1 years respectively. Cranial CT showed a high positive rate in TS patients.

CONCLUSIONSCutaneous features of TS are helpful in the early diagnosis of the disease. Hypomelanotic macules are especially important for patients with epilepsy or babies whose number of hypomelanotic macules is more than 3. Cranial CT is of great value in the diagnosis of TS. The involvement of visceral organs such as the brain and kidney should be examined in TS patients.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Angiomyolipoma ; etiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Kidney Neoplasms ; etiology ; Male ; Radiography ; Skin ; pathology ; Tuberous Sclerosis ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology

OBJECTIVEIntravenous anesthetics, such as propofol, are widely used in general anesthesia. Neurodegeneration and neurocognitive impairment after exposure to propofol in neonatal rats have raised concerns regarding the safety of pediatric anesthesia. We examined the effects of neonatal propofol exposure on brain cell viability, as well as expression of hippocampal survivin and Caspase-3 mRNA and protein.

METHODSOne hundred male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 7 d that were weighed 10-15 g were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 25 each group). Group A: the rats were injected with no drugs. Group B: the rats were intraperitoneally injected with 50 mg/kg propofol. Group C: the rats were first intraperitoneally injected with 50 mg/kg propofol and another 50 mg/kg propofol was used when the dynamic response of rats appeared again. Group D: the rats were first intraperitoneally injected with 50 mg/kg propofol and another 50 mg/kg propofol was used three times once the dynamic response of rats appeared. To study the effects of propofol exposure on respiratory and metabolic function, arterial blood was aspirated from the left ventricle of neonatal rats 2 h after discontinuation of propofol. pH, PaO(2), PaCO(2), HCO(3)(-), BE and SaO(2) were detected by blood gas analyzer. Moreover, to examine the effects of propofol exposure on short-term cellular viability, the ultrastructure of neurons was observed by transmission electron microscope and Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining was performed to examine neuronal degeneration in hippocampal CA1 region of neonatal rats. Survivin and Caspase-3 mRNA and protein expression in hippocampus were detected by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting 2 h after discontinuation of propofol.

RESULTSThe time of anesthesia maintaince in newborn rats was the longest in Group D and the time of anesthesia maintaince in Group C was longer than that in Group B. Two hours after discontinuation of propofol, pH, PaO(2), PaCO(2), HCO(3)(-), BE and SaO(2) of arterial blood in rats were not significantly different among groups A, B, C and D (P > 0.05). The structure of hippocampal neurons was normal in Group A and Group B while 100 mg/kg propofol resulted in nuclear blebbing and 200 mg/kg propofol led to nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation and apoptotic bodies. Cellular degeneration, as measured by Fluoro-Jade B staining, significantly increased in hippocampal CA1 region in the anesthesia groups compared with littermates in the no anesthesia group. FJB-positive stained degenerative neurons in groups B, C and D were (2.5 ± 1.3), (7.1 ± 2.3) and (9.4 ± 2.6), which were different from that in Group A (0.6 ± 0.3) (P < 0.05). Moreover, the number of FJB-positive neurons was the highest in Group D, that in Group C was more than that in Group B. At the same time point, apoptosis was measured by expression of Caspase-3 and Survivin mRNA and protein in hippocampus of rats. Caspase-3 mRNA in groups A, B and C was (0.78 ± 0.12), (0.84 ± 0.17) and (0.89 ± 0.19), while Caspase-3 protein in groups A, B and C was (0.22 ± 0.05), (0.26 ± 0.07) and (0.21 ± 0.06). Survivin mRNA in groups A, B and C was (0.56 ± 0.12), (0.58 ± 0.15) and (0.53 ± 0.16), while Survivin protein in these 3 groups was (0.24 ± 0.07), (0.21 ± 0.05) and (0.23 ± 0.06). Compared with that in Group A, Caspase-3 and Survivin mRNA and protein were not significantly different among Group B and Group C (P > 0.05). However, Caspase-3 mRNA and protein in Group D were (1.21 ± 0.14) and (0.42 ± 0.12), which were higher than that in the other 3 groups (P < 0.05). Survivin mRNA and protein in Group D were lower than that in the other 3 groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSA high dose of propofol exposure may destroy the structure of neurons, induce neurodegeneration, increase Caspase-3 activity and inhibit survivin expression in hippocampus of newborn rats in vivo.

Anesthetics, Intravenous ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Caspase 3 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Hippocampus ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Male ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Neurons ; metabolism ; pathology ; Propofol ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley