Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. At present, levodopa and other drugs are mainly used for dopamine supplementation therapy. However, the absorption of levodopa in the gastrointestinal tract is unstable and its half-life is short, and long-term use of levodopa will lead to the end-of-dose deterioration, dyskinesia, the "ON-OFF" phenomenon and other symptoms. Therefore, new preparations need to be developed to improve drug efficacy, reduce side effects or improve compliance of patients. Based on the above clinical needs, this review briefly introduced the preparation modification strategies for the treatment of PD through case analysis, in order to provide references for the research and development of related preparations.

Aim To investigate the effect of terpinen-4-ol (T40) on inflammatory injury of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by high glucose based on the improvement of autophagic flow disorder and involved molecular signals. Methods The scratch test was used to analyze the migration ability of VSMCs, the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in cell culture supernatant were measured by ELISA, the expression levels of inflammation-related proteins NF-κb p65, p-NF-κb p65, IL-1β, IL-18 and autophagy-related proteins p62, LC3-HYLC3-I, Beclinl, p-Beclinl were de-tected by Western blot. Results T40 inhibited migration of VSMCs induced by high glucose, reduced the secretion and release of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6, inhibited the expression of p-NF-κb p65/ NF-κb p65, IL-1β, IL-18, downregulated the expression of p62, LC3-TJ/LC3- I and p-Beclinl at same time. After interfering the autophagic flux of VSMCs with autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) , T40 pre-treatment significantly inhibited the protein expression levels of the above inflammatory factors and autophagy-related signals which mediated by CQ. Conclusion T40 inhibits the inflammatory injury of VSMCs induced by high glucose through improving the autophagic flow disorder.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of terpinen-4-ol (T4O) on high glucose (HG) -induced calcification in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). To investigate the role of T4O on HG-induced calcium deposition, osteogenic phenotypic transformation and mitochondrial dynamics in VSMC, Mdivi-1, a mitochondrial dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp-1) inhibitor, was used to analyze the correlation between mitochondrial dynamics and VSMC calcification and the role of T4O. Alizarin red S staining was used to observe calcium salt deposition and flow cytometry to detect intracellular Ca²⁺ content; Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of phenotypic switching-related markers α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and Runt related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and mitochondrial dynamics-related markers mitofusin 1 (MFN1), mitofusin 2 (MFN2) and Drp-1. The results showed that low and high doses of T4O could inhibit HG-induced down-regulation of α-SMA, MFN1 and MFN2 expression levels, and up-regulation of BMP2, Runx2 and Drp-1 expression levels, reduce intracellular Ca²⁺ content and calcium salt deposition, and effectively inhibit HG-induced VSMC calcification and mitochondrial dynamics disorders. The T4O group, Mdivi-1 group and T4O+Mdivi-1 group were able to up-regulate the expression levels of HG-induced α-SMA, MFN1 and MFN2, down-regulate the protein expression levels of BMP2, Runx2 and Drp-1, and inhibit calcium salt deposition, and there was no significant difference between the above indexes in the T4O and T4O+Mdivi-1 groups. The above findings suggest that T4O can inhibit the expression level of Drp-1, regulate the disturbance of mitochondrial dynamics, and suppress HG-induced VSMC calcification.

The taste of drugs has an important impact on the compliance of patients, but most of the active drug ingredients have an uncomfortable taste, especially traditional Chinese medicine. Through a variety of pharmaceutical excipients with taste masking properties combined with corresponding technologies can improve the taste of drugs and the characteristics of other dosage forms, so as to improve patient compliance. Here, we mainly summarize the auxiliary materials used for taste masking, explain the mechanism of taste masking from the point of view of excipients and introduces related uses, so as to provide reference for further research on taste masking of pediatric preparations.

Good medicine tastes bitter, but it is often difficult to swallow because the drug is bitter and astringent, so that the compliance of patients with medication is poor. However, the use of taste masking technology can better improve this situation. Appropriate and effective taste masking technology can improve the drug compliance of patients, especially children, it can also improve the curative effect and the clinical value of drugs. Herein, we summarize the latest research progress of taste masking technology, and summarize the traditional taste masking technology from the aspects of action mechanisms and application scopes. Finally, the novel and efficient taste masking technologies were presented.

AIM: To investigate the effects of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction(PANDO)on the tear film and ocular surface using LipiView ocular surface interferometer and Keratograph 5M anterior segment analyzer.METHODS: A self-controlled clinical trials. A total of 40 patients diagnosed with unilateral PANDO for at least 6mo who were admitted to our department from September 2021 to March 2022 were enrolled in the study, and the healthy eyes of the patients were assessed as control group. The LipiView ocular surface interferometer and Keratograph 5M anterior segment analyzer were used to measure the changes in related parameters of the tear film and ocular surface in both eyes.RESULTS: The non-invasive tear meniscus height(NITMH), stimulated NITMH, loss rate of upper meibomian gland, nasal and temporal ciliary redness index, temporal conjunctival redness index of the affected eyes were higher than healthy eyes(P<0.05), but there were no statistical differences in the non-invasive break-up time(NIBUT), loss rate of lower meibomian gland, nasal conjunctival redness index, dry eye grading, blink responses, partial blink rate and lipid layer thickness(LLT)between the both eyes(P>0.05).CONCLUSION: PANDO may lead to the aggravation of ocular surface inflammation and the loss of upper meibomian gland, and damage the ocular surface of patients. Attention should be paid to the early treatment of PANDO.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a family with congenital dysfibrinogenemia, and analyze the risk of hemorrhage and thrombosis and blood transfusion strategies. METHODS: Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) of the proband and her family members were detected by automatic coagulometer, fibrinogen (Fg) activity and antigen were detected by Clauss method and PT algorithm respectively. Meanwhile, thromboelastometry was analyzed for proband and her family members. Then, peripheral blood samples of the proband and her family members were collected, and all exons of FGA, FGB and FGG and their flanks were amplified by PCR and sequenced to search for gene mutations. RESULTS: The proband had normal APTT and PT, slightly prolonged TT, reduced level of Fg activity (Clauss method). The Fg of the proband's aunt, son and daughter all decreased to varying degrees. The results of thromboelastogram indicated that Fg function of the proband and her family members (except her son) was basically normal. Gene analysis showed that there were 6233 G/A (p.AαArg35His) heterozygous mutations in exon 2 of FGA gene in the proband, her children and aunt. In addition, 2 polymorphic loci were found in the family, they were FGA gene g.9308A/G (p.AαThr331Ala) and FGB gene g.12628G/A (p.BβArg478Iys) polymorphism, respectively. The proband was injected with 10 units of cryoprecipitate 2 hours before delivery to prevent bleeding, and no obvious bleeding occurred during and after delivery. CONCLUSION Heterozygous mutation of 6233G/A (p.AαArg35His) of FGA gene is the biogenetic basis of the disease in this family with congenital dysfibrinogenemia.
Humans ; Child ; Female ; Fibrinogen/genetics* ; Pedigree ; Afibrinogenemia/genetics* ; Mutation ; Blood Transfusion

Globally, metabolic-asssociated fatty liver disease has become a significant health burden due to its complex pathogenesis, and there are no specific and effective therapeutic drugs to date. The onset and progression of metabolic-asssociated fatty liver disease is closely associated with improper dietary habits. The cornerstone to treat metabolic-asssociated fatty liver disease is weight loss through a well-balanced diet. This article summarizes and discusses the research progress at home and abroad in relationship to metabolic-asssociated fatty liver disease and dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet, the DASH diet, an energy-restricted balanced diet, a low fat diet, a low carbohydrate diet, a western diet, an animal food diet, a traditional diet, and others. In addition, it categorizes the effects of various dietary patterns on the prevention, treatment, or induction of several issues that need further metabolic-asssociated fatty liver disease research for subsequent reference.
Animals ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/etiology* ; Diet, Fat-Restricted ; Weight Loss ; Diet, Mediterranean ; Liver

OBJECTIVE: Through analysis of ABO blood group gene typing technology, to assist in the identification of difficult clinical serological specimens. METHODS: A total of 10 forwardreverse typing ambiguous samples were collected from January 2021 to August 2021 in our hospital.ABO genotypes were analysed by gene sequencing. RESULTS: The genotypes of 10 ABO ambiguous blood group samples were A102/BW11, A102/BW12, O02/O02, A102/B303, A102/B101, BW11/O02, B101/O04, BW11/O01, BW11/O01, A101/O02, respectively. The genotype results of 6 cases was consistent with the serological phenotype, and the serological phenotype of 4 cases were different from the geno sequencing. CONCLUSION ABO blood groups genotyping technology combined with serological typing can be used for accurate typing of ambiguous blood group, and better ensure the safety of blood transfusion.
ABO Blood-Group System/genetics* ; Alleles ; Blood Grouping and Crossmatching ; Exons ; Genotype ; Phenotype

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the status of transfusion-transmissible infection (TTI) among voluntary blood donors in Nanjing in recent five years, in order to provide data support for the recruitment of blood donors and formulation and updating of blood screening strategies. METHODS: HIV/HBV/HCV/TP serological markers were detected by ELISA in 487 120 blood donors in Nanjing from 2016 to 2020. Confirmatory assay was applied in anti-HIV positive samples by Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The prevalence of TTI was calculated and the trend of disease was analyzed under different demographic groups. RESULTS: The total positive rate of TTI in blood donors was 0.49% (2 411/487 120), in which the overall seroprevalence rate of HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HIV and anti-TP was 0.23%, 0.09%, 0.01% and 0.16%, respectively. The overall prevalence of HIV and TP remained relatively steady (P>0.05), whereas HBV and HCV decreased year by year (P<0.05). The prevalence of TTI was higher among people with lower education level, high age group and first-time blood donation. CONCLUSION The prevalence of TTI among voluntary blood donors in Nanjing is at a low level from 2016 to 2020, but the risk still exists. The recruitment of regular donors and the improvement of blood screening technology can effectively reduce the risk of TTI.
Blood Donors ; HIV Infections/epidemiology* ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Syphilis ; Volunteers